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专题指导 本专题包括主要资本主义国家资本主义制度的形成和发展,政党政治的产生和演变等主要内容。各国政治状况是本专题的重点。各国政治对世界政局的影响是本专题的难点。 十七世纪上半期,产生于十三世纪的英国议会下议院融合了很多资产阶级和新贵族的代表。由于斯图亚特王朝的封建专制统治阻碍了资本主义经济的发展,1640年资产阶级和新贵族领导的资产阶级革命爆发,经过近半个世纪的几次反复较量,终于推翻了斯图亚特王朝的专制统治,确立了资产阶级和新贵族专政的君主立宪政体,为资本主义的迅速发展扫清了道路,大大促进了生产力的发展。十九世纪后半期,自由党和保守党在英国交替执政,十九世纪晚期,两党都代表垄断资产阶级利益,对内进行社会改革以缓和阶级矛盾,对外积极推行殖民扩张政策。一战以后,英国经济势力遭严重削弱,政党政治发生了变化,自由党势力衰微,工党势力大张,1924年以后,工党领袖曾两次组阁,同时英国殖民统治秩序随着民族解放运动的高涨而发生了重大变化。
Thematic guidance The topics include the formation and development of the capitalist system in major capitalist countries, and the emergence and evolution of political party politics. The political situation in various countries is the focus of this topic. The influence of national politics on the world’s political situation is a difficult issue on this topic. In the first half of the seventeenth century, the British House of Representatives, which emerged in the thirteenth century, incorporated many representatives of the bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy. As the feudal autocratic rule of the Stuart dynasty prevented the development of the capitalist economy, the bourgeois revolution led by the bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy in 1640, after several repeated trials in the past half a century, finally overthrew Stuart. The dictatorial rule of the dynasty established the constitutional monarchy of the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy. It cleared the way for the rapid development of capitalism and greatly promoted the development of productivity. In the second half of the nineteenth century, the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party took over in the United Kingdom. In the late nineteenth century, the two parties represented the interests of the monopoly bourgeoisie, carried out social reforms internally to ease class conflicts, and actively pursued colonial expansion policies. After World War I, the British economic power was severely weakened, party politics changed, the Liberal Party’s power declined, and Labour’s forces expanded. After 1924, the leaders of the Labour Party formed two cabinets. At the same time, the order of British colonial rule followed the national liberation movement. A major change has taken place.