19世纪至20世纪初,在犹太人获得公民权的过程中,同化主义思潮蔓延于犹太世界。然而,无论犹太人在同化的道路上走得有多远,仍然很难被主流社会接纳,反犹主义浪潮一次次打碎了犹太人的同化梦,由此在犹太社会出现了一种对民族传统从背弃到回归的矛盾现象,这种现象在欧洲尤其是中欧犹太知识分子中表现得非常突出,卡夫卡就是其中的一个典型。作为被同化的犹太人,卡夫卡必须在做德国人或捷克人之间做出选择,青少年时代他急于逃脱“犹太性”的束缚,但在生命的最后十多年里又回归了犹太传统。卡夫卡的犹太意识与身份困惑再现了世纪之交欧洲犹太人的历史命运,透视了犹太知识分子群体的内心体验。 From the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, the ideological assimilation spread to the Jewish world during the process of acquiring the citizenship of Jews. However, no matter how far the way the Jews go on assimilation, it is still hard to be accepted by the mainstream society. The tide of anti-Semitism breaks the Jews’ assimilation dream time and time again, and thus appears in Jewish society a tradition of national tradition from The paradox of abandonment and return to the motherland is a manifestation of this phenomenon in Europe, especially the Central European Jewish intellectuals. Kafka is one of the typical examples. As an assimilated Jew, Kafka must choose between being a German or a Czech. In his youth he was eager to escape the shackles of “Jewishness,” but returned to Jew in the last decade of his life Tradition. Kafka’s Jewish consciousness and identity puzzle reproduce the historical fate of European Jews at the turn of the century and reveal the inner experience of Jewish intellectual groups.