论文部分内容阅读
摘要：本论文主要分为三个部分：第一部分主要概述英语中表达否定的不同方法。第二部分主要讲述的是否定句的类型和翻译的过程中常见的错误。第三个部分概述全文，引出自己的观点。论文着眼于其复杂多变，其写作目的就是引起英语学习者的注意，帮助其更好地掌握这一句型。
关键词：否定句 翻译
1. Introduction：Definition and different expressions of negative sentences
"The sentence that makes negative judgment for something is a negative sentence".In Chinese， negative meaning is expressed by means of words.That is to say，negative sentences are marked by negative words，for example，"不、无、否、非、没、莫、勿、未、毋、弗" and so on.Besides，it also includes the below phrase，such as"决不、毫无、并非、没有、未尝".
Meanwhile，besides using some negative words （no，not，never，neither，hardly，rarely，few，little etc ） to express negative meaning in English， there are still other different ways for negative meaning expressions.One is to add some prefix or suffix to certain words，such as： no-，non-，in-，dis-，un-， im-，-less etc. What’s more，the means of syntax can also express negative meaning，such as too---to，anything---but，not---but and so on.At the same time，the comparative structure can also express negative meaning，such as： more---than，rather than---，less than---，no more---than，no less---than etc.
2. Types and common mistakes of negative sentence
2.1Types of negative sentence and translation.
To command negative sentence，we must firstly make clear that how many types are there in the negative sentence？ According to the study of translation circles，the negative sentence can be divided into five types，these are complete negation，partial negation，double negation，negation transformation，implied negation.
2.1.1 Complete negation.
Complete negation is one negative word in a sentence.Usually，it is made up by "none/no/not/neither/nobody/nothing/never/nowhere etc affirmative predicate"
Eg： （1）"Nowhere is the home of the little girl."Let’s look at the sentence，here the negative word is "nowhere"，and the affirmative predicate is "is".Thus，this is a complete negative sentence.It can be translated as"这个小女孩没有家"。
（2） "Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it".
In this proverb，"nothing" is the negative word，and "is" is the affirmative predicate.Therefore， this is a complete negative sentence.As we known，this is "世上无难事，只怕有心人"in Chinese.
2.1.2 Partial negation
Partial negation negatives the partial meaning of a sentence，it is contrary to complete negation.Usually，it is made up by some pronouns and adverbials with partial meaning （Eg：some，somebody，somewhere，something etc） negation predicate. Eg： （1） Somewhere in the earth has no water.地球上的一些地方没有水.
（2）During the vacation，somebody don’t go to outside for traveling instead of staying at home for studying.假期中，一些人不是旅行在外，而是呆在家学习.
（3） All is not gold that glitters.发光的并不都是金子.
（4）The children can not read all of the books."这个孩子并非能读懂所有的书".
To take note，in one sentence，if "and"is used to link up two adverbials，attributives or predicative，"not" just to negative the latter part behind "and"，Eg：
（1） That TV plays is not interesting and instructive.
那部电视剧虽有趣味，但没有教育意义。
（2） She didn’t explain this text correctly and clearly.
她对这篇课文讲解得很正确，但不够清楚.
In the above examples，if change the "and" into "or"，the whole sentence will become complete negation，it can be translated into"那部电视剧既没有趣味，也无教育意义"，"她对这篇课文讲解得既不正确，也不够清楚".
2.1.3Double negation
Double negation is that two negative words in one sentences，it expresses affirmative meaning.The main difference between double negation and general affirmative sentence is that the feeling of double negation is stronger. Eg：
（1）"Nobody will be admitted to touch these articles unless they have been permitted".
“没有特许证，任何人都不能触摸这些家具。” 或 “除非有特许证，人们才可以触摸这些家具。”
（2） There is no rule that has no exception.
“没有例外，就没有规则”或“任何规则都有例外”。
Besides， the structure "cannot---too"is also a particular structure to express the double negation.Eg：
"We cannot be too careful in doing chemical experiment".
做化学实验时，再怎么小心也不过分.
2.1.4 Negation transformation.
Negation transformation is that the negative word is to negative the certain part of a sentence（usually it negatives the predicate part），but from the sentence meaning，it negatives another part of this sentence，that is to say，the negative part transform from one part to another.
Eg： （1） He doesn’t think we need worry.
他认为我们不必担心。
（2） It doesn’t seem as if it is going to rain.
似乎不会下雨。
There are another verbs that have the same function，such as appear，feel， sound， taste， seem， smell etc.
2.1.5 Implied negation.
Implied negation is that the form of sentence is affirmative，but actually it express a kind of negative meaning，we call such sentence as "implied negation".And such sentences often appear in the subjunctive mood leaded by "If" ，and the question sentences.Eg：
（1） If you had told me about it.
假如你已经告诉我就好了。
（2）What is the use of it？
这有什么用呢？
Besides， the structure of comparative degree and syntax of "the last attributive clause" can also express implied negation，such as： （1） He is more dead than alive.
与其说他活着，不如说他死了.
（2） This is the last place where I expected to meet you.
我怎么也没有想到会在这里遇见你.
What’s more， there are some words or verb phrases can also express implied negation，such as："far from---，beyond，avoid，fail，free from，be out of" etc.For example：
（1） He is far from being wise.
他决非有头脑之人.
（2） Stop talking.
别讲话.
2.2 Common mistakes in translating negative sentences.
Due to many differences in expressing negation between Chinese and English，Chinese students often translate negative sentences in their own thinking and habit.Eg：
"There is hardly a person will do such things without thinking carefully in their mind".
In this sentence， "hardly---without" constitutes double negation，but we often only notice of "without" and ignore the "hardly". In view of this， it is unavoided to make such mistake. Therefore，this sentence can be translated into "认真考虑过的人，都不会做这样的事".
Besides，in some complex sentences，we should pay more attention to negation，such as：
"True ，not everyone sees me as you saw me or even as I see myself；but deep down inside I have that marvelous feeling that comes from being an integrated whole person，not afraid of being just what I can".
Here， true is the ellipsis of "It is true that---"，"as"means"像，如同"，"deep down inside"is the adverbial of the clause of "but"，means"内心深处"and "that" lead an attributive clause，so we can translate this sentence into"的确，并不是每个人都像你那样看待我，也不像我自己那样看待我自己，然而在内心深处我有一种说不出的美妙的感觉，这是我塑造我自己的完整性格，并且毫无顾忌地坚持自我的结果".
3.Conclusion
Taking all these into account，from the discussion we can see that the negative sentences have so many kinds that we often can’t command it well.Therefore，when we translate it，we must pay more attention to it. In other word，when we translate negative sentence，except using some special skills and remembering some special usages，we also cannot be too careful about it.
关键词：否定句 翻译
1. Introduction：Definition and different expressions of negative sentences
"The sentence that makes negative judgment for something is a negative sentence".In Chinese， negative meaning is expressed by means of words.That is to say，negative sentences are marked by negative words，for example，"不、无、否、非、没、莫、勿、未、毋、弗" and so on.Besides，it also includes the below phrase，such as"决不、毫无、并非、没有、未尝".
Meanwhile，besides using some negative words （no，not，never，neither，hardly，rarely，few，little etc ） to express negative meaning in English， there are still other different ways for negative meaning expressions.One is to add some prefix or suffix to certain words，such as： no-，non-，in-，dis-，un-， im-，-less etc. What’s more，the means of syntax can also express negative meaning，such as too---to，anything---but，not---but and so on.At the same time，the comparative structure can also express negative meaning，such as： more---than，rather than---，less than---，no more---than，no less---than etc.
2. Types and common mistakes of negative sentence
2.1Types of negative sentence and translation.
To command negative sentence，we must firstly make clear that how many types are there in the negative sentence？ According to the study of translation circles，the negative sentence can be divided into five types，these are complete negation，partial negation，double negation，negation transformation，implied negation.
2.1.1 Complete negation.
Complete negation is one negative word in a sentence.Usually，it is made up by "none/no/not/neither/nobody/nothing/never/nowhere etc affirmative predicate"
Eg： （1）"Nowhere is the home of the little girl."Let’s look at the sentence，here the negative word is "nowhere"，and the affirmative predicate is "is".Thus，this is a complete negative sentence.It can be translated as"这个小女孩没有家"。
（2） "Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it".
In this proverb，"nothing" is the negative word，and "is" is the affirmative predicate.Therefore， this is a complete negative sentence.As we known，this is "世上无难事，只怕有心人"in Chinese.
2.1.2 Partial negation
Partial negation negatives the partial meaning of a sentence，it is contrary to complete negation.Usually，it is made up by some pronouns and adverbials with partial meaning （Eg：some，somebody，somewhere，something etc） negation predicate. Eg： （1） Somewhere in the earth has no water.地球上的一些地方没有水.
（2）During the vacation，somebody don’t go to outside for traveling instead of staying at home for studying.假期中，一些人不是旅行在外，而是呆在家学习.
（3） All is not gold that glitters.发光的并不都是金子.
（4）The children can not read all of the books."这个孩子并非能读懂所有的书".
To take note，in one sentence，if "and"is used to link up two adverbials，attributives or predicative，"not" just to negative the latter part behind "and"，Eg：
（1） That TV plays is not interesting and instructive.
那部电视剧虽有趣味，但没有教育意义。
（2） She didn’t explain this text correctly and clearly.
她对这篇课文讲解得很正确，但不够清楚.
In the above examples，if change the "and" into "or"，the whole sentence will become complete negation，it can be translated into"那部电视剧既没有趣味，也无教育意义"，"她对这篇课文讲解得既不正确，也不够清楚".
2.1.3Double negation
Double negation is that two negative words in one sentences，it expresses affirmative meaning.The main difference between double negation and general affirmative sentence is that the feeling of double negation is stronger. Eg：
（1）"Nobody will be admitted to touch these articles unless they have been permitted".
“没有特许证，任何人都不能触摸这些家具。” 或 “除非有特许证，人们才可以触摸这些家具。”
（2） There is no rule that has no exception.
“没有例外，就没有规则”或“任何规则都有例外”。
Besides， the structure "cannot---too"is also a particular structure to express the double negation.Eg：
"We cannot be too careful in doing chemical experiment".
做化学实验时，再怎么小心也不过分.
2.1.4 Negation transformation.
Negation transformation is that the negative word is to negative the certain part of a sentence（usually it negatives the predicate part），but from the sentence meaning，it negatives another part of this sentence，that is to say，the negative part transform from one part to another.
Eg： （1） He doesn’t think we need worry.
他认为我们不必担心。
（2） It doesn’t seem as if it is going to rain.
似乎不会下雨。
There are another verbs that have the same function，such as appear，feel， sound， taste， seem， smell etc.
2.1.5 Implied negation.
Implied negation is that the form of sentence is affirmative，but actually it express a kind of negative meaning，we call such sentence as "implied negation".And such sentences often appear in the subjunctive mood leaded by "If" ，and the question sentences.Eg：
（1） If you had told me about it.
假如你已经告诉我就好了。
（2）What is the use of it？
这有什么用呢？
Besides， the structure of comparative degree and syntax of "the last attributive clause" can also express implied negation，such as： （1） He is more dead than alive.
与其说他活着，不如说他死了.
（2） This is the last place where I expected to meet you.
我怎么也没有想到会在这里遇见你.
What’s more， there are some words or verb phrases can also express implied negation，such as："far from---，beyond，avoid，fail，free from，be out of" etc.For example：
（1） He is far from being wise.
他决非有头脑之人.
（2） Stop talking.
别讲话.
2.2 Common mistakes in translating negative sentences.
Due to many differences in expressing negation between Chinese and English，Chinese students often translate negative sentences in their own thinking and habit.Eg：
"There is hardly a person will do such things without thinking carefully in their mind".
In this sentence， "hardly---without" constitutes double negation，but we often only notice of "without" and ignore the "hardly". In view of this， it is unavoided to make such mistake. Therefore，this sentence can be translated into "认真考虑过的人，都不会做这样的事".
Besides，in some complex sentences，we should pay more attention to negation，such as：
"True ，not everyone sees me as you saw me or even as I see myself；but deep down inside I have that marvelous feeling that comes from being an integrated whole person，not afraid of being just what I can".
Here， true is the ellipsis of "It is true that---"，"as"means"像，如同"，"deep down inside"is the adverbial of the clause of "but"，means"内心深处"and "that" lead an attributive clause，so we can translate this sentence into"的确，并不是每个人都像你那样看待我，也不像我自己那样看待我自己，然而在内心深处我有一种说不出的美妙的感觉，这是我塑造我自己的完整性格，并且毫无顾忌地坚持自我的结果".
3.Conclusion
Taking all these into account，from the discussion we can see that the negative sentences have so many kinds that we often can’t command it well.Therefore，when we translate it，we must pay more attention to it. In other word，when we translate negative sentence，except using some special skills and remembering some special usages，we also cannot be too careful about it.