一、全民公决及其国家 全民公决是指一国或一地区内享有选举权的全体公民,以投票表决的方式来决定本国的重大问题。近几年,不少国家对有关问题进行了全民公决。据不完全统计,自1987年以来,菲律宾、波兰、法国、俄罗斯、斯洛文尼亚、南非、爱尔兰、埃及等近30个国家,先后举行过约35次全民公决。其中,1993年举行的全民公决就达14次,成为历史上全民公决次数最多的一年。 二、全民公决的历史沿革及时代背景 早在古希腊时期,被誉为民主摇篮的雅典等城邦国家,凡重大问题均由除奴隶之外的全体自由民参加的公民大会表决决定。这种古希腊小国寡民的城邦国家的直接民主制,可以说是全民公决的雏形。到法国大革命后,资产阶级提出了所谓民族自 I. Referendum and its National Referendum refer to all citizens who have the right to vote in a country or an area, and decide their own major issues by means of voting. In recent years, many countries have conducted referendums on relevant issues. According to incomplete statistics, since 1987, the Philippines, Poland, France, Russia, Slovenia, South Africa, Ireland, and Egypt have held about 35 national referendums in nearly 30 countries. Among them, the referendum held in 1993 reached 14 times, becoming the highest number of people in the history of the referendum. Second, the historical evolution of the referendum and the background of the era As early as the ancient Greek period, known as the cradle of democracy in Athens and other city-states, all major issues were decided by a general assembly attended by all free people except slaves. The direct democracy of the state-states of this small, small, ancient Greek country can be said to be the embryonic form of the referendum. After the French Revolution, the bourgeoisie proposed the so-called national self