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张之洞(1837——1909年)字孝达,又字香涛,直隶(今河北省)南皮人。出身于封建官僚家庭。十六岁应顺天乡试考中举人。1863年(同治二年),二十七岁时考中一甲三名进士,授翰林院编修。从此,开始了他的官宦生涯。同治、光绪年间,统治阶级内部出现了一个新的政治派别——清流派,它以军机大臣李鸿藻为首。张之洞是李鸿藻的直隶同乡,甚得李的器重和赏识,很快便投入了清流派的怀抱。他与张佩纶、黄体芳、宝廷等人常常上疏纠弹时政,被时人誉为“翰林四谏”。张之洞“遇事敢为大言”(《清史稿·张之洞传》),朝廷重大政事,必上奏评论得失、指摘弊端。1879年(光绪五年),中俄伊犁交涉,清廷使臣崇厚与沙俄擅订丧权辱国的《里瓦几
Zhang Zhidong (1837 - 1909) the word Zedong, the word incense Tao, Zhili (now Hebei Province) Nanpi people. Came from a feudal bureaucratic family. Sixteen-year-old should Shun Tian test in the juren. In 1863 (Tongzhi two years), when twenty-seven years of age in the examination of a Jinshi Jinshi, Professor Hanlin editing. Since then, began his official career. During the Tongzhi and Guangxu years, a new political faction emerged in the ruling class, the Qing Dynasty, led by Li Hongzao, a military minister. Chang Chih-tung is Li Hongzao Zhili fellow, very much Li’s appreciation and appreciation, and soon put into the embrace of the Qing School. He and Zhang Peilun, Huang Tifang, Bao Ting, who often spy on bombing politics, was the time as “Hanlin four remonstrance.” Zhang Zhidong “dare to speak out” (“History of the Qing Dynasty Zhang Zhidong biography”), major court affairs, will play on the merits and demerits, pointing to malpractice. 1879 (Guangxu five years), negotiations between China and Russia Ili, Qing court envoy Chonghou and tsarist Russia humiliating the "