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当代俄国历史研究的有代表性的趋势之一是寻找新的题目、新的问题、新的方法。在1990年代,沿着这个趋势,在俄国一系列大学、科学院研究所里出现了不少新的研究中心。它们集中研究过去很少研究的领域日常生活史和私人生活史、表象史、个人史等等。同时又展开了历史学方法论问题和认识论问题的热烈讨论,而且讨论得最激烈的是关于微观分析与宏观分析的相互关系以及研究历史的相应方法的相互关系这个关键问题。本文将综合考察关于这些问题的大量的最新出版物既有纲领性的和理论性的论文,又有具体应用微观分析研究历史上个别事件的成功经验和根据互补原则把微观分析经验与分析宏观过程相结合的尝试。笔者研究了关于历史中规范化的(大量的)和个别的(独一无二的)现象之间的关系的新解释,研究了“突发事件的”方法和“个人的”方法的各种形式的概念系统的状况及其发展,研究了运用情势分析和有意使历史“戏剧化”的完整的研究纲领的前景。
One of the representative trends in the study of contemporary Russian history is the search for new topics, new problems and new approaches. In the 1990s, along this trend, a number of new research centers emerged in a number of Russian universities and institutes of science. They focus on areas of daily life and private life, landscapes, personal history, etc., which were rarely studied in the past. At the same time, there has been a heated discussion on the historical methodology and epistemology issues, and the most intensely discussed are the key issues concerning the interrelationship between microanalysis and macroeconomic analysis and the corresponding methods of studying history. This article examines a large number of recent publications on these issues in addition to both programmatic and theoretical essays and the practical application of microanalysis to the successful experience of individual events in history and to the application of microanalysis to empirical and analytical macroeconomic processes based on complementary principles A combination of attempts. The author studies a new explanation of the relationship between the normative (mass) and individual (singular) phenomena in history, the various conceptual systems of “emergent” and “personal” approaches The situation and its development, the prospect of applying a situation analysis and a complete research program intended to “dramatize” history has been studied.