管理是指同别人一起，或通过别人使活动完成得更有效的过程。管理者是被任命的，他们拥有合法的权利进行奖励和处罚，其影响力来自他们所在的职位所赋予的正式的权力。 作为管理者，从其主观愿望出发，都希望管理能充分发挥其职能，但能否充分发挥管理的职能，不是管理者主观愿 Management is the process of getting things done together with others or through others. Managers are appointed, they have legitimate rights to reward and punish, and their influence comes from the formal authority given to them in their positions. As managers, from their subjective wishes, they all hope that management can give full play to their functions. However, it is not the subjective wish of managers that they can give full play to their management functions