一、蒙古国家及其对外侵略的开始十三世紀初,在中央亚細亚蒙古諸部落中兴起了一个国家,此后,它在人类大部份地区的历史中起了极深刻的坏作用。蒙古人占据了从呼倫湖伸展到阿尔太山西支之間的广濶領土;其版图北境达貝加尔湖和叶尼塞河、也兒的石河上游;部份蒙古人則从戈壁荒原向南,靠近长城定居下兴,人們常按照最强大的一个部落之名而称全蒙古人为韃靼。蒙古民族,这一游牧民和漁猎人的民族,几世紀来一直与困难的自然条件作斗爭,他們决不是作为侵略者出現在历史舞台上的。学者們考察了分散各部落統一成为蒙古部族之进步过程的諸基本阶段,闡明了当地社会 I. The Beginning of the Mongolian State and Its Foreign Aggression At the beginning of the thirteenth century, a nation was set up in the tribes of Central Asia and Mongolia and thereafter it has played a very profound and damaging role in the history of most parts of humankind. The Mongols occupied the territory of Canton between Hulun Lake and the western part of the Altay Mountains; the territory north of Lake Baikal and the Yenisei River, and also the Upper Shihe River; some of the Mongols from the Gobi Desert to the South, settle down next to the Great Wall next Hing, people often in accordance with the most powerful name of a tribe called the whole Mongolian Tartar. The Mongol nation, the nomadic and fishing hunter nation, has for centuries been struggling with difficult natural conditions, and they are by no means on the stage of history as invaders. The scholars examined the basic stages of decentralizing the tribal unity into the progressive process of Mongolian tribes, clarifying the local community