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在英语教学中,我们发现汉语对学生的影响很大。许多学生虽然学了多年英语,打开书本,学过的知识似乎都懂,但运用起来非常吃力,许多时候总是不知不觉地用汉语的表达格式来表达自己的意思,所出的差错五花八门,有些只有我们懂汉语的英语教师才看得懂。汉语的干扰就象影子一样时刻伴随着他们,甩也甩不脱。本文就此把在学生英语作文中发现的典型错误指出来,加以分析并改正,以期对有此类差错的学生有所帮助,进而触类旁通,启迪思维,在不断发现错误、改正错误中提高他们的英语表达能力。
1.汉式英语
即把英语词汇按汉语表达习惯(或语序)罗列起来,不顾英语习惯、语法及单词的词性、用法等。如:
(1) I get up at 6 every morning. At 6:30 go to school.
(我每天早上六点起床,六点半上学。)
分析:汉语中,无主句普遍存在。但在英语中,除了祈使句谓语动词前一般不用主语外,其余陈述句中的谓语动词前都必须带主语。因此上句中go to school前应加主语I。类似错误如;
We have four classes in the morning. After have two classes.
同样,在have two classes .前应加主语we。而且After在此不能用作主语,应改为状语in the afternoon。
(2) I don’t like study English .It is too difficult.
分析:英语中两个动词在一起时,除help(v.帮助)等极少数动词后可接动词原形外,其他情况下要么接待to的不定式,要么接动名词,即接to do或doing,视句子具体含义和前一动词用法而定。就上句而言,like后可接to do 或doing.因此应改为:
I don’t like studying/to study English .It is too difficult.
(3) He hurried to run to the river.他匆忙跑到河边。
分析:此句毛病在于遣词造句时不考虑动词的词性、用法等,这也是学生经常忽视的。
Hurry(v.)意为(cause to )move quickly,后不能用不定式。因此应改为:
1) He hurried to the river.
2) He ran to the river hurriedly/in a hurry.
(4) He taught English for us had two years.他叫我们英语有两年了。
分析;用英语表达时,要正确理解句子的含义,借住所学过的类似结构,切记对译。在这里有两年了是指教英语持续的时间应用for two years ,而且teach是不规则动词,类似的不规则动词的过去时、过去分词要熟记。因此上句应改为:
He has taught us English for two years.
(5) There are many teachers taught me since I began to study at school. 自我上学读书以来,有许多老师教过我。
分析:英语中没有There be sb do /to do /did/done sth.这样的结构,但可以说:
1) There be sb doing sth.
2) There be sth to do.
如: (1) There were a lot of boys in the field playing football.
(2) There were still a lot of things to do.
(3) There was nobody to turn to for help. “有许多老师教过我”中的“有”字不用翻译。许多学生对这样的“有”字伤透脑筋,其实大可不必。上句应改为:
Many teachers have taught me since I began to study at school.
类似的错误还有:
He has a lot of students go to college.
(他有许多学生上了大学。)应改为:
A lot of his students have gone to college.
(6) Our school has already taken place very great changes after some times repaired.
经过几次修膳后我校已发生很大的变化。
分析: 1) 用take place 时须知这是不及物短语动词,和happen (v.发生)一样,不能接宾语,而且our school在这里应用作地点状语。
2) after用作介词的话,后应接动词作宾;如作连词,后应接句子。上句应改为:
Very great changes have already taken place in our school after it has been repaired some times.
(7) Learn English well is not easy.
分析:这有祈使句才可以动词开头。因而涉及到动词短语作句子主句时,要么用不定式,要么用动名词。上句可以改为:
1) To learn English well is not easy.
2) Learning English well is not easy.
3) It is not easy to learn English well.
(8) I miss you very much.
分析:very 用作副词,表示非常,很时,只能修饰形容词、副词。如:The box is very heavy.修饰动词一般用very much。上句可改为:
I miss you very much.
(9) We often help and study each other.我们经常互相学习、互相帮助。
分析:study表示学习时,着重指仔细研究,钻研,此处应用learn from代替,表示向……学习。
(10) Please you attend the meeting on time.请你们准时开会。
分析:please表示情时是个感叹词,表示更客气的请求。用于祈使句时,后面不能再接主语,因此要把上句中的you去掉。
(11) There will be a lecture on English grammar.
The lecture place is in our meeting –room.
分析:后半句根据汉语句式讲座地点在我们的会议室译出来的句子不符合英语的习惯表达方法,应改为:
It will be given in our meeting-room.
(12) It’s glad to meet you.见到你很高兴。
分析:作表语的形容词glad, afraid 的主语必需是人。因而要表达“恐怕我要迟到了”,不能说:“It’s afraid that I will be late,” 而应说:
“I’m afraid that I will be late.”因而上句改为:
I’m glad to meet you./ Glad to meet you.
(13) He is possible to come if he is well them.如果那时他身体好了,他有可能来 。
分析:possible, necessary等作表语时,不能用人着主语,常用it做形式主语.也可以用其他非人的名词作主语。因而上句改为:
It is possible that he will come if he is well then.又如:
It is necessary for you to get up early.
(14) He is a very excellent student in his class.他是班上很优秀的学生。
分析:excellent ,perfect前不宜再用very 修饰,因而要把句中的very去掉,a改成an.
又如: You did a perfect job.
2.冠词及名词的数使用不当
英语和汉语区别大,表现之一就是冠词的使用。在英语中,可数名词,不管是单数还是复数,表示泛指或特指时,大多数要用冠词。不可数名词在特殊情况下也须用冠词。用不用冠词不是绝对的,弄清楚如何正确使用冠词对学好英语很有帮助。
(1) Our English teacher is young man.
分析:汉语中说我们的英语老师是个年轻人,可以不说一.但英语中却必需有表示一的a,因此应说。
Our English teacher is a young man.
(2) She is a monitor of our class.
分析:英语中如monitor班长chairman ,president, headmaster ,captain(队长,船长)等冠词。因而上句中a应去掉。
(3) Usually we have the lunch at twelve.
分析:在表示餐饭的名词前一般不用冠词,这类词有:breakfast, lunch, supper, dinner等。因此去掉上句中的the.
(4) Comrades,I have a good news to tell you.
分析:汉语中可以说一条消息,而英语中的消息(news)是不可数名词,不能直接用不定冠词修饰。因此不宜从汉语角度判断对应的英语名词是否可数。平时要注意汉语中可数而英语中不可数的名词。上句要么去掉,要么借助适当的量词改成a piece of。类似的还有;
a piece of chalk一支粉笔
A block of wood /stone一块(石头)等
(5) He often wears a blue trousers.他经常穿着一条蓝裤。
分析:英语中的“裤子”(trousers)一词,通常以复数形式出现,因而不能说a trousers。应在中间量词pair,改成a pair of trousers,或把不定冠词a去掉。类似的如:
A pair of glasses,
A suit of clothes.
A pair of shoes.
3.比较级运用方面的错误
(1) He is taller than anyone in his class.
分析:注意比较级中比较对象要一致,同时不能自己和自己作比较。上句中anyone显然包括自己,因此要排除。可改为:
1) He is taller than anyone else
All the others
Any of the others
Any other student
in his class.
2) He is the tallest one in his class.
(2) His pronunciation is better than any other student in his class.
分析:本句中pronunciation和student作比较,对象不一致,
可改为:His pronunciation is better than that of any other student in his class.
(3) This dictionary is more better than that one.
分析:比较级前不能再用表示比较级的more修饰。因此,可把上句中more去掉,或把它改成much, even等。
(4) This river is longer of the two.
分析:两者之间用比较级是对的,但根据句义,必须在表示范围的of the two之前用名词或有名词意义的结构。因此应改为:
This river is the longer of the two.
其中the longer相当于the longer river。
4.Be动词使用不当
(1) He is always help me.
分析:Be动词一般不能和动词原形一起连用。根据句义,上句可改为:
1) He always helps me.
2) He is always helping me.
(2) Tom and Jenny were met in the street.
分析:“Be+物动词的过去分词”用法有二:
(1)表示被动的动作。如:
English is spoken in many countries.
(2)表示状态的系表结构。
如:My shoes are worn out .I need a new pair.
而上句既非表示被动的动作,也不是表示状态,根据句义,应把were去掉.
(3) He is a good teacher. Students are all like him.
分析:like在上句中是“喜欢”的意思,是动词,不能再和be连用,应把are去掉。而be like中的like是介词,表示“象”之意。如;What’s the weather like today?
(4)If you free, we will go fishing tomorrow.
分析:汉语中的“有空”如果用free表示的话,要知道这是一个形容词。在英语中,形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、动名词等不能直接用作谓语(或表语),这也是英汉差异很大的一面。因此,不能只从汉语的词义、词性等角度来表达英语,而要从对应的英语单词或短语的词性、用法来组织句子。因此应在free前加are.如何正确使用be动词,这很重要。Be动词在句中结构为:
主语+be+
形容词
副词
介词短语
不定式 +其他成分
分词
动名词
从句
其中be和后面的成分构成句子的谓语。由于英语和汉语的差异很大,学生的错误不一而足。这就要求我们必须在英语上多下功夫,多阅读,培养语感。同时,要注意观察、体会英语单词在句中的搭配、结构及习惯用法、注意捕捉人称、时态、语态、单复数、冠词等多方面的一致性及其变化。要多记一些常用的句型。切忌按汉语习惯生搬硬套、牵强附会。要学会采用灵活方式间接表达自己的意思。只要勤于动手,多思考,多模仿。我们会在不知不觉中找到英语的感觉,并学会从英语思维角度来分析问题,解决问题。
1.汉式英语
即把英语词汇按汉语表达习惯(或语序)罗列起来,不顾英语习惯、语法及单词的词性、用法等。如:
(1) I get up at 6 every morning. At 6:30 go to school.
(我每天早上六点起床,六点半上学。)
分析:汉语中,无主句普遍存在。但在英语中,除了祈使句谓语动词前一般不用主语外,其余陈述句中的谓语动词前都必须带主语。因此上句中go to school前应加主语I。类似错误如;
We have four classes in the morning. After have two classes.
同样,在have two classes .前应加主语we。而且After在此不能用作主语,应改为状语in the afternoon。
(2) I don’t like study English .It is too difficult.
分析:英语中两个动词在一起时,除help(v.帮助)等极少数动词后可接动词原形外,其他情况下要么接待to的不定式,要么接动名词,即接to do或doing,视句子具体含义和前一动词用法而定。就上句而言,like后可接to do 或doing.因此应改为:
I don’t like studying/to study English .It is too difficult.
(3) He hurried to run to the river.他匆忙跑到河边。
分析:此句毛病在于遣词造句时不考虑动词的词性、用法等,这也是学生经常忽视的。
Hurry(v.)意为(cause to )move quickly,后不能用不定式。因此应改为:
1) He hurried to the river.
2) He ran to the river hurriedly/in a hurry.
(4) He taught English for us had two years.他叫我们英语有两年了。
分析;用英语表达时,要正确理解句子的含义,借住所学过的类似结构,切记对译。在这里有两年了是指教英语持续的时间应用for two years ,而且teach是不规则动词,类似的不规则动词的过去时、过去分词要熟记。因此上句应改为:
He has taught us English for two years.
(5) There are many teachers taught me since I began to study at school. 自我上学读书以来,有许多老师教过我。
分析:英语中没有There be sb do /to do /did/done sth.这样的结构,但可以说:
1) There be sb doing sth.
2) There be sth to do.
如: (1) There were a lot of boys in the field playing football.
(2) There were still a lot of things to do.
(3) There was nobody to turn to for help. “有许多老师教过我”中的“有”字不用翻译。许多学生对这样的“有”字伤透脑筋,其实大可不必。上句应改为:
Many teachers have taught me since I began to study at school.
类似的错误还有:
He has a lot of students go to college.
(他有许多学生上了大学。)应改为:
A lot of his students have gone to college.
(6) Our school has already taken place very great changes after some times repaired.
经过几次修膳后我校已发生很大的变化。
分析: 1) 用take place 时须知这是不及物短语动词,和happen (v.发生)一样,不能接宾语,而且our school在这里应用作地点状语。
2) after用作介词的话,后应接动词作宾;如作连词,后应接句子。上句应改为:
Very great changes have already taken place in our school after it has been repaired some times.
(7) Learn English well is not easy.
分析:这有祈使句才可以动词开头。因而涉及到动词短语作句子主句时,要么用不定式,要么用动名词。上句可以改为:
1) To learn English well is not easy.
2) Learning English well is not easy.
3) It is not easy to learn English well.
(8) I miss you very much.
分析:very 用作副词,表示非常,很时,只能修饰形容词、副词。如:The box is very heavy.修饰动词一般用very much。上句可改为:
I miss you very much.
(9) We often help and study each other.我们经常互相学习、互相帮助。
分析:study表示学习时,着重指仔细研究,钻研,此处应用learn from代替,表示向……学习。
(10) Please you attend the meeting on time.请你们准时开会。
分析:please表示情时是个感叹词,表示更客气的请求。用于祈使句时,后面不能再接主语,因此要把上句中的you去掉。
(11) There will be a lecture on English grammar.
The lecture place is in our meeting –room.
分析:后半句根据汉语句式讲座地点在我们的会议室译出来的句子不符合英语的习惯表达方法,应改为:
It will be given in our meeting-room.
(12) It’s glad to meet you.见到你很高兴。
分析:作表语的形容词glad, afraid 的主语必需是人。因而要表达“恐怕我要迟到了”,不能说:“It’s afraid that I will be late,” 而应说:
“I’m afraid that I will be late.”因而上句改为:
I’m glad to meet you./ Glad to meet you.
(13) He is possible to come if he is well them.如果那时他身体好了,他有可能来 。
分析:possible, necessary等作表语时,不能用人着主语,常用it做形式主语.也可以用其他非人的名词作主语。因而上句改为:
It is possible that he will come if he is well then.又如:
It is necessary for you to get up early.
(14) He is a very excellent student in his class.他是班上很优秀的学生。
分析:excellent ,perfect前不宜再用very 修饰,因而要把句中的very去掉,a改成an.
又如: You did a perfect job.
2.冠词及名词的数使用不当
英语和汉语区别大,表现之一就是冠词的使用。在英语中,可数名词,不管是单数还是复数,表示泛指或特指时,大多数要用冠词。不可数名词在特殊情况下也须用冠词。用不用冠词不是绝对的,弄清楚如何正确使用冠词对学好英语很有帮助。
(1) Our English teacher is young man.
分析:汉语中说我们的英语老师是个年轻人,可以不说一.但英语中却必需有表示一的a,因此应说。
Our English teacher is a young man.
(2) She is a monitor of our class.
分析:英语中如monitor班长chairman ,president, headmaster ,captain(队长,船长)等冠词。因而上句中a应去掉。
(3) Usually we have the lunch at twelve.
分析:在表示餐饭的名词前一般不用冠词,这类词有:breakfast, lunch, supper, dinner等。因此去掉上句中的the.
(4) Comrades,I have a good news to tell you.
分析:汉语中可以说一条消息,而英语中的消息(news)是不可数名词,不能直接用不定冠词修饰。因此不宜从汉语角度判断对应的英语名词是否可数。平时要注意汉语中可数而英语中不可数的名词。上句要么去掉,要么借助适当的量词改成a piece of。类似的还有;
a piece of chalk一支粉笔
A block of wood /stone一块(石头)等
(5) He often wears a blue trousers.他经常穿着一条蓝裤。
分析:英语中的“裤子”(trousers)一词,通常以复数形式出现,因而不能说a trousers。应在中间量词pair,改成a pair of trousers,或把不定冠词a去掉。类似的如:
A pair of glasses,
A suit of clothes.
A pair of shoes.
3.比较级运用方面的错误
(1) He is taller than anyone in his class.
分析:注意比较级中比较对象要一致,同时不能自己和自己作比较。上句中anyone显然包括自己,因此要排除。可改为:
1) He is taller than anyone else
All the others
Any of the others
Any other student
in his class.
2) He is the tallest one in his class.
(2) His pronunciation is better than any other student in his class.
分析:本句中pronunciation和student作比较,对象不一致,
可改为:His pronunciation is better than that of any other student in his class.
(3) This dictionary is more better than that one.
分析:比较级前不能再用表示比较级的more修饰。因此,可把上句中more去掉,或把它改成much, even等。
(4) This river is longer of the two.
分析:两者之间用比较级是对的,但根据句义,必须在表示范围的of the two之前用名词或有名词意义的结构。因此应改为:
This river is the longer of the two.
其中the longer相当于the longer river。
4.Be动词使用不当
(1) He is always help me.
分析:Be动词一般不能和动词原形一起连用。根据句义,上句可改为:
1) He always helps me.
2) He is always helping me.
(2) Tom and Jenny were met in the street.
分析:“Be+物动词的过去分词”用法有二:
(1)表示被动的动作。如:
English is spoken in many countries.
(2)表示状态的系表结构。
如:My shoes are worn out .I need a new pair.
而上句既非表示被动的动作,也不是表示状态,根据句义,应把were去掉.
(3) He is a good teacher. Students are all like him.
分析:like在上句中是“喜欢”的意思,是动词,不能再和be连用,应把are去掉。而be like中的like是介词,表示“象”之意。如;What’s the weather like today?
(4)If you free, we will go fishing tomorrow.
分析:汉语中的“有空”如果用free表示的话,要知道这是一个形容词。在英语中,形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、动名词等不能直接用作谓语(或表语),这也是英汉差异很大的一面。因此,不能只从汉语的词义、词性等角度来表达英语,而要从对应的英语单词或短语的词性、用法来组织句子。因此应在free前加are.如何正确使用be动词,这很重要。Be动词在句中结构为:
主语+be+
形容词
副词
介词短语
不定式 +其他成分
分词
动名词
从句
其中be和后面的成分构成句子的谓语。由于英语和汉语的差异很大,学生的错误不一而足。这就要求我们必须在英语上多下功夫,多阅读,培养语感。同时,要注意观察、体会英语单词在句中的搭配、结构及习惯用法、注意捕捉人称、时态、语态、单复数、冠词等多方面的一致性及其变化。要多记一些常用的句型。切忌按汉语习惯生搬硬套、牵强附会。要学会采用灵活方式间接表达自己的意思。只要勤于动手,多思考,多模仿。我们会在不知不觉中找到英语的感觉,并学会从英语思维角度来分析问题,解决问题。