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在侵犯著作权罪的四种行为方式中,未经著作权人许可是其共同特征。如何有效认定未经著作权人许可,直接关系到侵犯著作权罪的司法适用。由于著作权的法定性,侵犯著作权罪的犯罪对象必须是依法受到我国著作权法保护、具备著作权的作品。如果作品不受我国著作权法保护,则不存在未经著作权人许可的问题,亦不构成侵犯著作权罪。实践中,由于涉案作品数量众多,且具备著作权的作品与不具备著作权的作品交织在一起,使得未经著作权人许可成为司法证明上的一大难题。针对这一问题,有关司法解释规定了证明责任转移的特殊认定规则,但在实践中难以推行。实践中,认定未经著作权人许可均须借助著作权集体管理组织的版权认证,缺陷很明显。现实的解决路径为:加强著作权登记备案工作,加大著作权集体管理组织参与力度,建立抽样检查制度,实施以“自诉为主、公诉为辅”的追诉方式。
Among the four ways of infringing on copyright, the common feature is the permission of the copyright owner. How to effectively identify without the permission of the copyright owner is directly related to the judicial application of the crime of copyright infringement. Due to the statutory nature of copyright, the target of the crime of copyright infringement must be a copyrighted work that is legally protected by our copyright law. If the work is not protected by the Copyright Law of our country, there is no issue without the copyright owner’s permission, nor does it constitute a crime of copyright infringement. In practice, because of the large number of works involved and the combination of the works with the copyright and the works without the copyright, the permission of the copyright owner has become a major problem in judicial evidence. In response to this issue, the judicial interpretation of the provisions of the burden of proof that the transfer of special rules, but difficult to implement in practice. In practice, it is found that there is a clear flaw in the copyright certification of copyright collective management organizations without the permission of the copyright owner. The practical solution is to strengthen copyright registration and filing, increase the participation of copyright collective management organizations, set up a sample inspection system, and implement prosecutions based on “private prosecution ”.