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美国的油污损害赔偿制度主要是通过1990年《油污法》(OPA90)建构的。在墨西哥湾漏油事件中,钻井平台的所有人、承租人和被许可经营、使用的人均有权享有OPA90下油污责任限制的权利。但面对OPA90规定的极其严格的责任限制条件,英国石油公司放弃了7500万美元的赔偿限额。钻井平台的油污损害赔偿具有特殊性,中国应以墨西哥湾油污案为鉴,反思钻井平台油污的无法可依局面。钻井平台不是传统海事法律制度的客体,而是一种独立的法律客体,为满足海洋资源开发和海洋环境保护可持续发展的要求,应构建单独的钻井平台油污损害赔偿机制,赋予钻井平台油污责任限制权利,以“事故制”计算责任限额,规定严格的责任限制条件,实行责任限制丧失条件的举证责任客观化。
The system of compensation for oil pollution in the United States is mainly built through the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA90). In the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, owners of the rig, tenants and those licensed to operate and use are entitled to the OPA90’s liability under the Limitation of Liability for Oil. However, in the face of the extremely strict liability limits set by OPA90, BP has given up its $ 75 million compensation limit. Oil platform damage compensation is special, China should take the Gulf of Mexico oil pollution case as a mirror, reflecting on the drilling platform oil pollution can not be the situation. The drilling platform is not the object of the traditional maritime legal system, but an independent legal object. To meet the requirements of marine resources development and sustainable development of the marine environment protection, a separate drilling platform oil pollution damage compensation mechanism should be established to give oil rig responsibility Limit the right to “accident system” to calculate the liability limit, the provisions of the strict liability restrictions, the implementation of the conditions of loss of responsibility to limit the burden of proof of objectivity.