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托马斯·斯坎伦是以约翰·罗尔斯为首的平等的自由主义阵营内一位重要政治哲学家,面对《正义论》发表以后所遭受的各方面的批评,他在罗尔斯道德契约论的基础上,转变罗尔斯专注于宏观社会基本制度的学术走向,提出了一种实质性的契约主义,从微观角度来论证个人道德的本质,论证人们为什么要关注正当和不正当的问题,论证为什么正当和不正当对其它关怀和价值具有优先性。从而发展了罗尔斯道德理论的契约形式,对罗尔斯强于制度美德而疏于个人道德论证的缺陷做了有益补充,在伦理学界引起了较大反响。
Thomas Scanlon, an important political philosopher in an equal liberalist camp headed by John Rawls, faced all aspects of the criticism of the “theory of justice” after his publication. In the Rawls moral contract On the basis of this, Rawls changes the academic trend of focusing on the basic system of macroscopical society and puts forward a substantive contractualism, demonstrating the essence of individual moral from the microscopic point of view and arguing why people should pay attention to the issues of legitimacy and improperness , Demonstrating why legitimacy and misconduct have priority over other concerns and values. Therefore, the contractual form of Rawls’s moral theory was developed, which supplemented the defects of Rawls’s strongerness than institutional virtue and neglect of personal moral argument, which aroused great repercussions in ethics.