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[摘要]it在英语中的用法较多,且变化不一,导致很多大学生在英语四级考试中失分。
[关键词]it 代词 动词
中图分类号:H03 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1671-7597(2008)0610145-01
一、人称代词
it ,是第三人称单数中性,代表前文已提到过的一件事物。如 :
(1)That vase is valuable. It's more than 200 years old.
那个花瓶很珍贵,它有 200 多年的历史。
(2)I love swimming. It keeps me fit.我喜欢游泳,它能使我保持健康。
当说话者不清楚或无必要知道说话对象的性别时,也可用it来表示。
如 :
(3)It's a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl?
宝宝真可爱,是男孩还是女孩?
二、作非人称代词,表示时间、天气、距离、环境等
例:"What time is it?"-"It's five to twelve."
(几点钟了?──现在是十一点五十五分。)
例:It is very hot in summer.
(夏天的天气都是很热。)
例:How far is it from here to the station?
(这里到车站有多远?)
例:I like it here very much.
(我很喜欢这里的环境。)
三、作先行词
(一)作形式主语
(1)It is difficult to translate this article.
翻译这篇文章很难。
(2)It is getting harder every day for a lazy man to get
a living. 懒汉谋生是日益困难了。
(3)What time would it be most convenient for me to call
again? 什么时候我再给你打电话最合适?
(4)It is no use going there so early. 这么早去那里没有用。
(5)It has been a great honour your coming to visit me.
你的来访是我很大的荣幸。
(6)It is strange that he did not come at all.
真奇怪,他竟还没来。
(7)It doesn't matter what you do. 什么都没关系。
在上述诸例中,后置的真正主语可以取代先行 it 的位置,而出现于句首。
To translate this article is difficult.
Going there so early is no use.
That he did not come at all is strange.
上述结构远不如用先行 it 结构普通。此外,也并非所有先行 it 结构都可作上述转换。如 :
(8)It seems that John is not coming after all.
似乎约翰终竟不来。
(9)It happened that John was the only witness.
碰巧约翰是唯一的证人。
上述两例只能转换为:
John doesn't seem to be coming after all.
John happened to be the only witness.
(二)作形式宾语
这种情况通常只用于能带以名词或形容词作宾语补语的动词后面。
It做形式宾语有一下三种情况:
1. 谓语动词appreciate, dislike, hate, like, love等后接由if或when等引导的从句时,往往在从句前加形式宾语it.例如:
①The boy likes it when he's praised before guests. (那个孩子喜欢在客人面前受表扬的时刻。)
2. 动词take(认为,理解),hide(隐瞒),publish(公布)等后接由that引导的宾语从句时,往往从句前加上形式宾语it.例如:
I take it that you disagree with me. (我的理解是,你和我的看法不同。)
3.动词短语answer for(担保),count on(期待),depend on, insist on, see to(确保)等后接that引导的宾语从句时,必须冠以形式宾语it.例如:
①I am counting on it that you will come.(我期待着你的到来。)
②Would you see to it that the children get a hot meal after their swim? (你负责保证孩子们在游泳之后吃到一顿热饭,好吗?)
In the 1870's, when Marx was already in his fifties, he found it important to study the si tuation in Russia, so hebegan to learn Russian.在19世纪70年代,马克思已经五十几岁了,他觉得研 究俄国的形势很重要,便开始学习俄语。
This has made it necessary for agriculture and industry to develop very quickly.这就使得工 农业必须飞速发展。
四、构成强调句型
为了强调句子的某一成分,把引导词“it”用在句首,这种强调句 的结构是“It is(was)+所强调的成分(主语、宾语、状语)+that…”,表达的意思为“是…,正是…,就是…”。“it”在这种句型中本身没什么实际意义。
It is not only blind men who make such stupid mistakes. 决不只有盲人才犯这样愚蠢的错误。
这里需要说明的是:如被强调的是人,则后面用who或that,如被强调的是物或其他 情况,则用that。
It was yesterday that I met Bob in your room. 我就是昨天在你的房间遇见鲍勃的。
It was Bob that I met in your room yesterday. 昨天我在你房间遇见的就是鲍勃。
参考文献:
[1]Nunan, D. Second Language Teaching and Learning[M].上海:外语教学与研究出版社,2000.
[2]丁言仁. 第二语言习得研究与外语学习[M]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社.
[关键词]it 代词 动词
中图分类号:H03 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1671-7597(2008)0610145-01
一、人称代词
it ,是第三人称单数中性,代表前文已提到过的一件事物。如 :
(1)That vase is valuable. It's more than 200 years old.
那个花瓶很珍贵,它有 200 多年的历史。
(2)I love swimming. It keeps me fit.我喜欢游泳,它能使我保持健康。
当说话者不清楚或无必要知道说话对象的性别时,也可用it来表示。
如 :
(3)It's a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl?
宝宝真可爱,是男孩还是女孩?
二、作非人称代词,表示时间、天气、距离、环境等
例:"What time is it?"-"It's five to twelve."
(几点钟了?──现在是十一点五十五分。)
例:It is very hot in summer.
(夏天的天气都是很热。)
例:How far is it from here to the station?
(这里到车站有多远?)
例:I like it here very much.
(我很喜欢这里的环境。)
三、作先行词
(一)作形式主语
(1)It is difficult to translate this article.
翻译这篇文章很难。
(2)It is getting harder every day for a lazy man to get
a living. 懒汉谋生是日益困难了。
(3)What time would it be most convenient for me to call
again? 什么时候我再给你打电话最合适?
(4)It is no use going there so early. 这么早去那里没有用。
(5)It has been a great honour your coming to visit me.
你的来访是我很大的荣幸。
(6)It is strange that he did not come at all.
真奇怪,他竟还没来。
(7)It doesn't matter what you do. 什么都没关系。
在上述诸例中,后置的真正主语可以取代先行 it 的位置,而出现于句首。
To translate this article is difficult.
Going there so early is no use.
That he did not come at all is strange.
上述结构远不如用先行 it 结构普通。此外,也并非所有先行 it 结构都可作上述转换。如 :
(8)It seems that John is not coming after all.
似乎约翰终竟不来。
(9)It happened that John was the only witness.
碰巧约翰是唯一的证人。
上述两例只能转换为:
John doesn't seem to be coming after all.
John happened to be the only witness.
(二)作形式宾语
这种情况通常只用于能带以名词或形容词作宾语补语的动词后面。
It做形式宾语有一下三种情况:
1. 谓语动词appreciate, dislike, hate, like, love等后接由if或when等引导的从句时,往往在从句前加形式宾语it.例如:
①The boy likes it when he's praised before guests. (那个孩子喜欢在客人面前受表扬的时刻。)
2. 动词take(认为,理解),hide(隐瞒),publish(公布)等后接由that引导的宾语从句时,往往从句前加上形式宾语it.例如:
I take it that you disagree with me. (我的理解是,你和我的看法不同。)
3.动词短语answer for(担保),count on(期待),depend on, insist on, see to(确保)等后接that引导的宾语从句时,必须冠以形式宾语it.例如:
①I am counting on it that you will come.(我期待着你的到来。)
②Would you see to it that the children get a hot meal after their swim? (你负责保证孩子们在游泳之后吃到一顿热饭,好吗?)
In the 1870's, when Marx was already in his fifties, he found it important to study the si tuation in Russia, so hebegan to learn Russian.在19世纪70年代,马克思已经五十几岁了,他觉得研 究俄国的形势很重要,便开始学习俄语。
This has made it necessary for agriculture and industry to develop very quickly.这就使得工 农业必须飞速发展。
四、构成强调句型
为了强调句子的某一成分,把引导词“it”用在句首,这种强调句 的结构是“It is(was)+所强调的成分(主语、宾语、状语)+that…”,表达的意思为“是…,正是…,就是…”。“it”在这种句型中本身没什么实际意义。
It is not only blind men who make such stupid mistakes. 决不只有盲人才犯这样愚蠢的错误。
这里需要说明的是:如被强调的是人,则后面用who或that,如被强调的是物或其他 情况,则用that。
It was yesterday that I met Bob in your room. 我就是昨天在你的房间遇见鲍勃的。
It was Bob that I met in your room yesterday. 昨天我在你房间遇见的就是鲍勃。
参考文献:
[1]Nunan, D. Second Language Teaching and Learning[M].上海:外语教学与研究出版社,2000.
[2]丁言仁. 第二语言习得研究与外语学习[M]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社.