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《英语课程标准(2011年版)》中明确指出,义务教育阶段的英语课程承担着培养学生基本英语素养和发展学生思维能力的任务。但是在小学阶段的英语语篇教学中,传统教学过分强调词汇语法的掌握,忽略了阅读习惯和阅读能力等关键问题,小学生的英语思维能力,思维品质有待提高。本文将以小学英语五下《Unit2 How do you come to school Story time》storytime教学为例,浅谈围绕主题语境如何有效的设问并在追问中发展学生的英语思维品质,培养学生语言的运用能力。
五年级下册《Unit2 How do you come to school 》Story time语篇主要围绕主人公Su Hai, Mike, Yang Ling和Liu Tao 讨论上学方式,以及为什么要选择这样的方式而展开的一场对话。对话中包含了四个人的上学方式和居住地点,在语言结构上包含了“Where do you live?”和“How do you come to school?”两个新句型;词汇上包含了“by bus”“by metro”“by taxi”等交通方式以及“Moon Street”“Park Street”“Sunshine Town”等表示地点的名称,文本内容初看信息量很大,如果对于语篇的处理没有通过自己静心的思考、钻研、联系学生的实际,而是凭借自己已有的知识经验去理解内容,那么教师的教学效果就显而易见,学生的学习以及對文本的理解肯定会显得很错乱。所以,如何将文本中的大量信息和知识形成一个清晰的而又有所关联的整体是课前钻研的关键所在。因此,笔者在教学设计中,主要从主线“How do you come to school”出发,顺其自然会联想到“Why do they come to school by …?”从而引发了后面地点的询问“Where do they live?”以及细节的讨论“Because…”。
在教学设计中,笔者明确了主线后,思考话题如何引入,活动如何设计才能引起学生的共鸣,触发他们的思维,又能很自然的切入主题,笔者决定联系实际,从情境出发,从兴趣和学生的年龄特点入手,挖掘教材与生活的契合点,让贴近学生生活实际的话题从学生与教师的free talk开始。在一首歌曲《The wheels on the bus》的快乐演唱氛围中开始了师生间的交流,教学片段如下:
T:Now you know we have some different ways to go anywhere, what are they?
S1: By bus, by bike, on foot.
S2: By car, by taxi.
S3: By metro.
T: Yes, you know so much. And I usually come to school on foot. Because I live near school, I think walking is good for me . How do you come to school?
S4: I come to school by car.
T: Do you live far from the school?(做出很远的手势)
S4:Yes, it’s very far.
T:How about you?
S5: I live near school. I come to school on foot.
T: So do I . Do you like this way?
S5: Yes , I often come to school with my mother, she gives me nice food.
T: You are so happy. Boys and girls , you come to school in different ways. Our friends Su Hai, Mike, Yang Ling and Liu Tao, they come to school in different ways too. What do you want to know about them?
S6: How do they come to school?
S7: Where do they live?
S8: Do they live near school too?
T: Now let’s watch and match: How do they come to school?
分析:现代教育理论指出:“产生学习的根本原因是问题”。问题是英语学习动力的根源,有效开展师生、生生互动的课堂提问是重要的教学手段之一,通过有效的追问能够启迪学生的思维。基于顺应自然的教学原则,笔者在导入中从教师示范着手,在语境中有效的追问,学生能够模仿老师运用自己的知识储备与老师互动,并且在互动中自然引入语篇,关注语篇的主要信息,能够对文本产生预测以及产生求知的需求。
带着学生自己的预测去阅读目的性更强,能够帮助学生更好的理解文本,也能够使阅读过程变得更有趣味,在读中环节,教师不仅要关注对文本表层信息的提取,更要引导学生挖掘文本的细节,对文本进行深度的解读和分析,在提升学生的阅读技能的同时发展其语言思维能力。
教学片段:
T: You know the different ways they come to school. But why? S1: Because they live in different places.
T: Maybe you are right. Let’s try to find where they live.
笔者先呈现出一张地图,图示中只出示Su Hai的家 和Su Hai的学校.
T:Look at the map. Here is Su Hai’s home. That is Su Hai’s school.
Why does she come to school by bus? Guess.
S1: Because Su Hai’s home is far from her school.
S2: Maybe there is a bus from her home to school.
T: Good. It’s far from here and there is a bus stop. So Su Hai comes to school by bus.
(PPT显示City Library 的图以及路名Moon Street)Look ,where does she live?
S3: She lives on Moon Street, near City Library.
分析:教师延续上一环节的情境,呈现学生疑惑的问题“How do they come to school?”,带领学生一起观看动画视频,获取交通方式的信息,并用不同的形式进行互动反馈信息,教师在追问“Why do they come to school by …?”最后自然呈现出学生的第二大疑惑“Where do they live?”为了做出清晰的示范,为了有效开展后面的合作活动,教师引领学生一起看地图,通过互动交流以及形象生动的肢体动作,让孩子积极思维,自然生成语言,达到思维的共鸣。
在反馈Where do they live时,笔者适时追问How do you know? Why A is Yang Ling’s home? 让学生在显性的地图上学习新的地名词,而且比较直观的去感受方位和位置关系。处理完文本之后,及时在情境中引导学生思维,将文章的细节前后联系起来,让学生联系实际和生活经验去思考问题,自然生成新的语言,锻炼语言的组织运用能力。
教学片段:
T: You know (手指地图) there is a bus stop near Su Hai’s home ,she lives far from her school. So she comes to school by bus. How about them?
S1: Yang Ling comes to school on foot, because she lives near her school.
T: Yes, I think it’s good for her to walk to school. How about Liu Tao?
S2: Liu Tao comes to school by taxi, because his father is a taxi driver.
T:Do you think it’s a good way?
S3: No , I think there are many bikes and cars in front of the school, it’s very crowed.
T: Can you give him a good advise?
S3:Maybe he can come to school by bus.
S4:Maybe he can walk to school near the school.
T: Right. And I also think we can choose a green way to come to
school. Because the air is not clean. What about Mike?
S4: Mike comes to school by metro.
T: Do you know why? From the book, we don’t know, try to guess.
S4: Maybe there is a metro station near his home.
T: Yes , it’s very convenient.
S5:Maybe he likes taking the metro, because the metro is very fast.
T: Yes, he can come to school early because of the metro. What else?
S6: Maybe the metro is very cheap.
T: Yes, it needs less money.
S7: Maybe it’s…沒有污染
T:Great, it’s a green way . There is not much pollution.
分析:通过师生间的互动交流,在情境中追问,充分挖掘文本留白的部分,教师要抓住这样的机会让孩子体验,让学生深入思考,发挥想象,让孩子用自己真实的思想去表达语言。在提到Liu Tao的出行方式时,有学生想到了学校门口拥挤的现象,顺势而为的可以让学生给出建议,所以课堂中无法预见的生成是需要老师去引导和激发的。其次文本中对于Su Hai, Yang Ling ,Liu Tao的出行方式以及选择这样的方式的理由都有体现,但是Mike 乘坐地铁的出行方式理由文中没有体现,这时笔者抓住了这个留白让孩子去思考,孩子们在思考的过程中产生了自己的想法,教师在课堂生成过程中也给予了学生足够的时间和空间,并引导学生之间产生情感共鸣,有话可讲。
我们知道,教学的目的在于最后的实践运用,在运用中加强语言和思维能力培养的创新性实践性,学生在实践中能够自然生成自己的语言,是建立在教师之前的教学过程是否是单一机械还是不停在挖掘思维的。通过前面的预测、概括、探索以及梳理,笔者最后将语篇的情境适时的还原给学生,让他们联系实际运用逻辑思维去整理自己的生活体验,表述关于到学校的出行方式,以及选择这种出行方式的主要原因。于学生而言这是个挑战,因为他们会遇到生的词汇,然后用已知的局限的词汇去转述,也会思考到一些话题之外的客观原因,生成文本之外的语言;于教师而言,这种生成是值得期待的,希望学生能够将所学的语言灵动的体现,通过合作互助的活动真正将所学运用起来,训练他们的思维。
教学片段:
T:Now you know the ways they come to school. Boys and girls, from Monday to Friday, how do you come to school? Let’s talk about it.Ok?
Ss: Ok.
T:First, take out the map of your home.(課前准备)please write down the name of the street or draw the symbols of the line, bus or metro you need. Then talk about with your partner.
分析:学生两人一组进行合作,完成家庭地址的大致地图,在这个绘制过程中,其实学生们已有了一个语言表达的支柱,并且在标注地名,路名,交通方式的符号过程中,逻辑思维已经得到了发展,可以让后面的交流有层次性。笔者还发现,部分孩子住在相同的地方,可是到学校的方式却不一样,他们在询问理由的过程中发现谁的方式更好,环保理念得到了提升,并且还商量着可以相约一起上下学,一切交流都是那么的水到渠成。
新课标引领下的小学英语阅读教学对教师提出了更高的要求。教学活动要有明确的交流目的,真实的交流意义和具体的操作要求,使学生能够在个体和合作的实践活动中发展语言与思维能力。教师只有真正做到以学生的兴趣、需要为主体,以生活化的真实课堂为依托,创设有利于培养学生思维能力的语言训练活动,搭建语用平台,才能真正发展学生思维品质和综合语言运用能力。
【作者简介】季宇华,南京市浦口区实验小学
一、运用语境,探索对话信息,激活思维
五年级下册《Unit2 How do you come to school 》Story time语篇主要围绕主人公Su Hai, Mike, Yang Ling和Liu Tao 讨论上学方式,以及为什么要选择这样的方式而展开的一场对话。对话中包含了四个人的上学方式和居住地点,在语言结构上包含了“Where do you live?”和“How do you come to school?”两个新句型;词汇上包含了“by bus”“by metro”“by taxi”等交通方式以及“Moon Street”“Park Street”“Sunshine Town”等表示地点的名称,文本内容初看信息量很大,如果对于语篇的处理没有通过自己静心的思考、钻研、联系学生的实际,而是凭借自己已有的知识经验去理解内容,那么教师的教学效果就显而易见,学生的学习以及對文本的理解肯定会显得很错乱。所以,如何将文本中的大量信息和知识形成一个清晰的而又有所关联的整体是课前钻研的关键所在。因此,笔者在教学设计中,主要从主线“How do you come to school”出发,顺其自然会联想到“Why do they come to school by …?”从而引发了后面地点的询问“Where do they live?”以及细节的讨论“Because…”。
在教学设计中,笔者明确了主线后,思考话题如何引入,活动如何设计才能引起学生的共鸣,触发他们的思维,又能很自然的切入主题,笔者决定联系实际,从情境出发,从兴趣和学生的年龄特点入手,挖掘教材与生活的契合点,让贴近学生生活实际的话题从学生与教师的free talk开始。在一首歌曲《The wheels on the bus》的快乐演唱氛围中开始了师生间的交流,教学片段如下:
T:Now you know we have some different ways to go anywhere, what are they?
S1: By bus, by bike, on foot.
S2: By car, by taxi.
S3: By metro.
T: Yes, you know so much. And I usually come to school on foot. Because I live near school, I think walking is good for me . How do you come to school?
S4: I come to school by car.
T: Do you live far from the school?(做出很远的手势)
S4:Yes, it’s very far.
T:How about you?
S5: I live near school. I come to school on foot.
T: So do I . Do you like this way?
S5: Yes , I often come to school with my mother, she gives me nice food.
T: You are so happy. Boys and girls , you come to school in different ways. Our friends Su Hai, Mike, Yang Ling and Liu Tao, they come to school in different ways too. What do you want to know about them?
S6: How do they come to school?
S7: Where do they live?
S8: Do they live near school too?
T: Now let’s watch and match: How do they come to school?
分析:现代教育理论指出:“产生学习的根本原因是问题”。问题是英语学习动力的根源,有效开展师生、生生互动的课堂提问是重要的教学手段之一,通过有效的追问能够启迪学生的思维。基于顺应自然的教学原则,笔者在导入中从教师示范着手,在语境中有效的追问,学生能够模仿老师运用自己的知识储备与老师互动,并且在互动中自然引入语篇,关注语篇的主要信息,能够对文本产生预测以及产生求知的需求。
二、关注细节,在交往活动中有效合作,发展思维
带着学生自己的预测去阅读目的性更强,能够帮助学生更好的理解文本,也能够使阅读过程变得更有趣味,在读中环节,教师不仅要关注对文本表层信息的提取,更要引导学生挖掘文本的细节,对文本进行深度的解读和分析,在提升学生的阅读技能的同时发展其语言思维能力。
教学片段:
T: You know the different ways they come to school. But why? S1: Because they live in different places.
T: Maybe you are right. Let’s try to find where they live.
笔者先呈现出一张地图,图示中只出示Su Hai的家 和Su Hai的学校.
T:Look at the map. Here is Su Hai’s home. That is Su Hai’s school.
Why does she come to school by bus? Guess.
S1: Because Su Hai’s home is far from her school.
S2: Maybe there is a bus from her home to school.
T: Good. It’s far from here and there is a bus stop. So Su Hai comes to school by bus.
(PPT显示City Library 的图以及路名Moon Street)Look ,where does she live?
S3: She lives on Moon Street, near City Library.
分析:教师延续上一环节的情境,呈现学生疑惑的问题“How do they come to school?”,带领学生一起观看动画视频,获取交通方式的信息,并用不同的形式进行互动反馈信息,教师在追问“Why do they come to school by …?”最后自然呈现出学生的第二大疑惑“Where do they live?”为了做出清晰的示范,为了有效开展后面的合作活动,教师引领学生一起看地图,通过互动交流以及形象生动的肢体动作,让孩子积极思维,自然生成语言,达到思维的共鸣。
三、补白文本,在知识关联处有效追问,挖掘思维
在反馈Where do they live时,笔者适时追问How do you know? Why A is Yang Ling’s home? 让学生在显性的地图上学习新的地名词,而且比较直观的去感受方位和位置关系。处理完文本之后,及时在情境中引导学生思维,将文章的细节前后联系起来,让学生联系实际和生活经验去思考问题,自然生成新的语言,锻炼语言的组织运用能力。
教学片段:
T: You know (手指地图) there is a bus stop near Su Hai’s home ,she lives far from her school. So she comes to school by bus. How about them?
S1: Yang Ling comes to school on foot, because she lives near her school.
T: Yes, I think it’s good for her to walk to school. How about Liu Tao?
S2: Liu Tao comes to school by taxi, because his father is a taxi driver.
T:Do you think it’s a good way?
S3: No , I think there are many bikes and cars in front of the school, it’s very crowed.
T: Can you give him a good advise?
S3:Maybe he can come to school by bus.
S4:Maybe he can walk to school near the school.
T: Right. And I also think we can choose a green way to come to
school. Because the air is not clean. What about Mike?
S4: Mike comes to school by metro.
T: Do you know why? From the book, we don’t know, try to guess.
S4: Maybe there is a metro station near his home.
T: Yes , it’s very convenient.
S5:Maybe he likes taking the metro, because the metro is very fast.
T: Yes, he can come to school early because of the metro. What else?
S6: Maybe the metro is very cheap.
T: Yes, it needs less money.
S7: Maybe it’s…沒有污染
T:Great, it’s a green way . There is not much pollution.
分析:通过师生间的互动交流,在情境中追问,充分挖掘文本留白的部分,教师要抓住这样的机会让孩子体验,让学生深入思考,发挥想象,让孩子用自己真实的思想去表达语言。在提到Liu Tao的出行方式时,有学生想到了学校门口拥挤的现象,顺势而为的可以让学生给出建议,所以课堂中无法预见的生成是需要老师去引导和激发的。其次文本中对于Su Hai, Yang Ling ,Liu Tao的出行方式以及选择这样的方式的理由都有体现,但是Mike 乘坐地铁的出行方式理由文中没有体现,这时笔者抓住了这个留白让孩子去思考,孩子们在思考的过程中产生了自己的想法,教师在课堂生成过程中也给予了学生足够的时间和空间,并引导学生之间产生情感共鸣,有话可讲。
四、联系生活,在情境中自然生成,训练思维
我们知道,教学的目的在于最后的实践运用,在运用中加强语言和思维能力培养的创新性实践性,学生在实践中能够自然生成自己的语言,是建立在教师之前的教学过程是否是单一机械还是不停在挖掘思维的。通过前面的预测、概括、探索以及梳理,笔者最后将语篇的情境适时的还原给学生,让他们联系实际运用逻辑思维去整理自己的生活体验,表述关于到学校的出行方式,以及选择这种出行方式的主要原因。于学生而言这是个挑战,因为他们会遇到生的词汇,然后用已知的局限的词汇去转述,也会思考到一些话题之外的客观原因,生成文本之外的语言;于教师而言,这种生成是值得期待的,希望学生能够将所学的语言灵动的体现,通过合作互助的活动真正将所学运用起来,训练他们的思维。
教学片段:
T:Now you know the ways they come to school. Boys and girls, from Monday to Friday, how do you come to school? Let’s talk about it.Ok?
Ss: Ok.
T:First, take out the map of your home.(課前准备)please write down the name of the street or draw the symbols of the line, bus or metro you need. Then talk about with your partner.
分析:学生两人一组进行合作,完成家庭地址的大致地图,在这个绘制过程中,其实学生们已有了一个语言表达的支柱,并且在标注地名,路名,交通方式的符号过程中,逻辑思维已经得到了发展,可以让后面的交流有层次性。笔者还发现,部分孩子住在相同的地方,可是到学校的方式却不一样,他们在询问理由的过程中发现谁的方式更好,环保理念得到了提升,并且还商量着可以相约一起上下学,一切交流都是那么的水到渠成。
新课标引领下的小学英语阅读教学对教师提出了更高的要求。教学活动要有明确的交流目的,真实的交流意义和具体的操作要求,使学生能够在个体和合作的实践活动中发展语言与思维能力。教师只有真正做到以学生的兴趣、需要为主体,以生活化的真实课堂为依托,创设有利于培养学生思维能力的语言训练活动,搭建语用平台,才能真正发展学生思维品质和综合语言运用能力。
【作者简介】季宇华,南京市浦口区实验小学