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阅读理解题在各地中考试卷中所占分值特别大,能否做好阅读理解题是决定中考成败的关键。
命题特点
1. 语篇选材多为时文,题材多样化,信息丰富。选材包括日常生活、传说、人物传记、社会、文化、新闻、史地、科普、政治、经济等,原汁原味,语言地道纯正,具有鲜明的英语语言文化特点。有较为丰富的文化蕴涵,重视社会热点问题,追踪科技前沿,具有浓厚的时代气息,使阅读考查更贴近实际生活。体裁多样化(记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文等),各种体裁的文章所占比例也比较均匀。剔除了有学科、性别、城乡差别等倾向的文章,遵循了公平、公正的原则。
2. 坚持把阅读技能作为考查目标。命题主要考查学生对文章中叙述的具体事实的理解能力(包括时间、地点、人物、事件等),以及根据上下文对某些词义、句义的推断理解能力和对文章主旨大意、作者观点和态度的理解及对考生的逻辑推理和判断能力的考查。
3. 增加了生词量,加大了对推断词义能力的考查。要求考生必须根据上下文或整篇文章才能做出推断,以此检测考生利用构词法等知识猜测词义的能力,进而在较高级的措辞中,探查作者的隐含意思。
4. 考点分布合理,试题设计科学,干扰项编制水平高。试题设计符合考生的认知水平,有效地避免了违背生活常识和语段本意的偏题、怪题;题干简洁明晰,既避免了长句、难句,又避免了生硬的套语;选项表意清楚,关系合理,干扰有效,答案惟一,避免了模棱两可的选项设计。干扰项只有涉及到语篇内容才有可能发挥干扰功能,各地在命题时都能把握住这一点,不少试题在干扰项的编制上水平较高。
中考阅读理解题,无论题材和体裁如何,其命题的种类可以归纳为四种:细节题、词义题、推理题和主旨题。
解题技巧
1.细节题
《英语课程标准(实验稿)》中有关阅读最基本的要求是:“能从一般性文章中获取和处理主要信息。”对这种“获取和处理主要信息”能力的考查,主要采用的方式就是“细节判断”。这类题在中考阅读理解题中占有相当大的比例,做好这类题是确保基础分的关键。同时,弄清细节,正确获取信息,也是把握文章主旨的前提。
做这类题的一般方法是,通过略读把握文章中心后,再通过“寻读法”快速确定该细节在文中的出处(信息源),对照选项进行“三错一对或三对一错”的判断。若该信息句是长句或难句,要学会找出其主干部分,分析句子结构,正确理解信息句的意义。命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生(如对原句细微处做改动;截取原文词语或结构进行改造;或者因果倒置,把A的观点说成B的观点等),所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是解答该类试题的关键。例如:
...In the spring, a male roadrunner begins looking for a female as a mate. When he finds one, he gives her presents — a snake to eat or a branch to use in building a nest. ... (2009年盐城保留原题号)
35.When a male roadrunner looks for a female, it usually gives her .
A. wings B. nests C. feathers D. gifts
【简析】解该题时,根据问题,可以在文章中直接找到解题的信息所在(he gives her presents),根据同义表达可以快速得到正确答案D项。
2.词义题
猜词是应用英语的重要能力之一。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文,而且要有较大的泛读量,掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。同时,我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜”,通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索推断词义。
◆构词法猜词。 新课程标准要求初中毕业生能掌握合成法、派生法和转化法这三种构词法,中考命题往往从这几个方面来测试考生的掌握情况。例如:
...Three years later when it was time for Wang Dan to go to school, Wang Xiaoyan decided he would carry her. The girl has repaid him by her excellent studies. (2008年福州)
What does the underlined word “repaid” mean?
A. 付款B. 赔偿C. 报答D. 贷款
【简析】repaid这个词可以根据构词法把它拆成re和paid。其中paid是词根,re意为“再,又”,因此repaid是“报答”的意思。选C 。
◆利用定义解释猜词。有些文章,特别是科技文章,通常会对一些关键词给予定义,我们可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思。例如:
...Wrestling is the game which is played by two strong people; one player tried to get the other down on the floor... (2008年恩施)
What is the Chinese meaning of the underlined word “wrestling” in the paragraph?
A. 摔跤B. 射击C. 赛马D. 拳击
【简析】解该题时只要根据定语从句中解释说明的内容就可以知道该题的正确答案是A项。
◆利用同义词或者近义词猜词。在生词所出现的上下文中,有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构,这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。通常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or,这些词语或短语在句中作相同的成分,并且and或or连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的,由此可确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域,进而推断出它的大致词义。例如:
...Animals have different living habits. Some like to look for food at daytime and sleep at night, but some like to sleep at daytime and prowl at night...(2008年泰安)
The word “prowl” most nearly means .
A. 追逐B. 厮杀C. 隐藏D. 觅食
【简析】通过这些并列句可以看出prowl与look for food 是近义词,词义也应该是“寻找食物”,所以D项正确。
◆利用经验常识猜词。由于阅读材料来源于生活,所以有些词汇题仅仅凭借生活常识就可以轻松“搞定”。例如:
... After the earthquake:
●Check, take care of injuries and help make sure people around you are all right.
●Watch out for aftershocks.
●Protect yourself by wearing long pants, a long-sleeved(长袖的) shirt and strong shoes.
●Listen to the radio for the latest information. (2008年 宁波)
The underlined word “aftershocks” in the passage means “” in Chinese.
A. 震感B. 震源C. 余震D. 防震
【简析】阅读完材料后,结合生活常识可以知道地震后,人们要当心“余震”,故本题的正确答案应该是C项。
◆利用举例猜词。
为了说明或证实自己的观点,作者往往会举例,借助这些例子可帮助我们猜测生词。例如:
...I have found Lucy is quite generous, for example, whenever she meets a beggar, she gives some coins to him... (2007年江油)
What is the Chinese meaning of the word “generous”?
A. 温和的B. 慷慨的C. 公平的D. 优雅的
【简析】通过例句“每次遇到乞丐,她都会给一些硬币”,可以猜测出“generous”的词义应该是“慷慨的”。选B。
◆利用词义的关联性来猜词。 任何一个单词在句子中总是与其他词相关联的,我们可以通过这些前后的关联来猜测生词的词义。 例如:
...I wish this medicine may really cure my backache... (2007年咸宁)
The word “cure” most nearly meansin Chinese.
A. 治理B. 诊断 C. 治愈D. 诊疗
【简析】在猜测“cure”一词的时候,如果关注到“medicine(药物)”和 “backache(背疼)”,利用词义的关联性,可以猜测 “cure”意为 “治愈”。选C。
3.推理判断题
推理判断试题属于高层次阅读理解题,很多考生对此类题型的解答感到很吃力,没有把握。其解题技法为:
①利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断
几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定的褒贬性,这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理、情绪状态及作者的写作意图,因此利用好文章的语境褒贬性,就能在把握文章主旨的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。认真阅读原文并找出反映语境褒贬性及变化的标志性词汇或句子,对我们掌握文章主旨,了解主人公的心理特点及发展变化,从而正确地进行逻辑推断很有好处。例如:
Sally was a student. It was going to be her mother’s birthday. She wanted to buy her a present that would be nice and useful but not expensive.
She went shopping after a quick and simple lunch. After she looked for half an hour, she found a shop that was selling cheap umbrellas, and she decided to take a black one.
She thought, “Mom can carry it when she is wearing clothes of any color.” So she bought a lovely black umbrella and took it to school with her until her class finished... (2008年施恩)
Which sentence has the same meaning as “Mom can carry it when she is wearing clothes of any color”?
A. Mom must carry it when she is wearing any clothes.
B. Mom is beautiful in any clothes.
C. The color of the umbrella is OK for Mom’s clothes of any color.
D. Mom can buy any clothes that she likes to wear.
【简析】解该题时,如果考虑到作者的心理特点就可以知道:孩子都热爱自己的母亲;再结合上下文中的一些具有褒义信息的词语(so,lovely等)可以知道买黑色的伞是为了和母亲所穿的任何颜色的服装相配。故C项正确。
②根据文章的结论推断作者的态度
作者的态度、倾向是指作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定,对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨等。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间,或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此,在推断过程中,应特别注意文中作者的措辞,尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。例如:
It was the last day of the final examination in a college. On the steps of building, a group of engineering students were waiting for the last exam. On their faces was confidence.
They knew the exam would be easy. The professor (a teacher at a college) had said they could bring any books or notes during the test.
Right after they came into the classroom,the professor handed out the papers. There were only five questions on it.
Three hours passed. Then the professor began to collect the papers. The students no longer looked confident. On their faces was nervous expression. The professor watched the worried faces before him, and then asked, “How many of you have completed all five questions?” No hand was raised. “How many of you have answered four?” Still no hands. “Three? Two?” The students moved restlessly in their seats. “One, then?Certainly somebody has finished one.” But the class kept silent. The professor said, “That is exactly what I expected. I just want to make you know clearly that even though you have completed four years of engineering,there are still many things about the subject you don’t know. These questions you could not answer are common in everyday practice.” Then, smiling, he added, “You will all pass this course, your education has just begun.”
The years have obscured (模糊) the name of this professor, but not the lesson he taught. (2008年 盐城)
What could the students learn from the last exam?
A. He laughs best who laughs last. B. A good beginning is half done.
C. One is never too old to learn. D. The early bird catches the worm.
【简析】阅读完材料,在了解故事的情节的基础上,可以知道,作者之所以难忘这堂课,是因为在这堂课上,他学到了一个深刻的道理:学无止境。所以C项正确。
③结合已有的相关知识进行推断
这是根据文章中所阐述的细节,运用自己掌握的相关知识进行分析、推敲,从而得出符合文章原义的结论的一种推理方法。巧妙运用该方法可以大大提高解题速度。例如:
...In 1842 Darwin went to live in Kent, and there he continued his studies of change in nature. Darwin understood that plants and animals are not always the same, and that they really change.
By 1859 Darwin had finished his famous book “The Origin of Species”.
In 1871 Darwin wrote another important book.
Darwin continued his studies in science until he died in 1882.(2008年盐城)
Which book was written by Darwin in 1871?
A. The Origin of Species. B. The Theory of Relativity.
C. The Theory of Evolution. D. The Old Man and the Sea.
【简析】解该题时,考生除了需要看懂阅读材料外,还需要运用一些跨学科的知识。例如:考生要根据 “The Old Man and the Sea”知道这是海明威所写的《老人与海》;考生还要知道 “The Theory of Relativity”是爱因斯坦所著的《相对论》。最后,再结合材料所给的内容,又可以排除A项。所以C项正确,达尔文在1871年写的书是《进化论》。
4.主旨大意题
主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。这类试题考查的一般范围是:基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法,对文章进行高度概括或总结,属于高层次题。或做主题概括类试题多采用浏览法,浏览时,一般不需逐句浏览,只需选读文章的首段、尾段或每段的首句和尾句,重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。在中考中,不少阅读材料的主旨大意题都是以选择文章的标题这一形式出现的。那么如何选择文章的标题呢?
◆要在阅读原文的基础上,仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系;
◆要看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何;
◆要注意题目是过大还是过小;
◆要避免下列三种错误:①概括不够(多表现为部分代整体,从而导致范围太小);②过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围);③以事实、细节替代抽象的大意。
要选好合适的标题,还需要了解标题的基本拟定方式。一般来说,标题的拟定方式是:以话题为核心,将主题句按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题或中心思想的词组。例如:
We are often asked to make a speech in life. Most of us are afraid of it and don’t do a good job. Here are some simple steps to make your speech a successful one. First of all, find out everything you can about your subject and at the same time find out as much as you can about your audience. Who are they?What do they know about your subject?Put yourself in their shoes as you prepare your speech. Then try to arrenge your material so that your speech is clear and easy to follow. Use as many examples as possible. Never forget your audience. Don’t talk over their heads or talk down to them. When you are giving your speech, speak slowly and clearly, look at your audience and pause for a few seconds from time to time to give your audience chances to think over what you’ve said. Just remember: be prepared, know your subject and your audience, say what you have to say and be yourself so that your ideas will bring you and your audience together.(2008年 无锡)
Which title best gives the main idea of the passage?
A. How to Remember the Audience
B. How to Pick out the Topic for a Speech
C. How to Prepare the Material for a Speech
D. How to Improve Your Speech
【简析】阅读完该材料后,可以发现“Here are some simple steps to make your speech a successful one.”是这段材料的主题句。此时再对所提供的四个选项进行分析,可以发现A、B、C三项都只涉及这一主题的某个部分,而D项和主题句高度吻合。
迎考专练
A
The following is from Priory School—a British middle school about school uniform.
Priory School Uniform Rules
Priory School uniform is simple, neat and practical. We have found that parents and students appreciate our dress ideas.
Priory School uniform is produced in Wards, High Street,Lewes.
Necessary for all years
ShirtEither a white school shirt, or a simple white “polo” shirt under the sweater.
TrousersBlack, “school uniform” type. Not jeans or fashion trousers.
Skirt(girls)Black, simple, knee-length regulation school skirt. (Not fashion wear.)
ShoesSimple black leather, or leather-like shoes with no patterns, colors, logos (标志), or colored laces (饰带).
Optional (可选择的)
SweatershirtA black sweatershirt with “Priory School” woven on it.
SweaterA black fine-knit v-neck sweater, with “Priory School” woven on it.
T-shirtIf students wish to wear a T-shirt under the school shirt, it must be simple white;no neck-sweaters should be worn.
CoatCoats should not be worn in school.
SocksBlack, grey or white. Girls may wear black or grey warm tights in cold weather.
Clothes of famous logos should not be brought to school. All students are expected to arrive with the correct clothes for PE lessons. No jewelry of any kind to be worn.
To help make clear our dress ideas, designs and models can be viewed on the school website www.priory.e-susses.sch.uk.
1. The underlined word “Lewes” is probably the name of _______.
A. a head teacher of the schoolB. a producer or a company
C. a middle schoolD. a city or a town
2. Which is the proper wear for a student in Priory School?
A. A white shirt, jeans and black shoes.
B. A pink T-shirt, a black skirt, and grey socks.
C. A white T-shirt, black trousers of “school uniform” type and black shoes.
D. A coat, trendy black trousers and black leather shoes.
3. The students in Priory School can wear _______ in PE lessons.
A. a school shirtB. ringsC. earringsD. Adidas sports shoes
4. If you want more information about the school uniform rules, you can _______.
A. make a telephone call B. visit the school website
C. send an E-mail D. write a letter
Keys:1—4 D C A B
B
Simple E-mails from our yapprs
1. Yappr is a _______ .
A. websiteB. magazineC. computerD. newspaper
2. Yappr can help people _______.
A. meet famous people B. make lots of money
C. to be famousD. learn English well
3. On the websiet, Sinson mainly _______ .
A. reads some English novelsB. watches videos in English
C. writes some English songsD. learns how to sing English songs
4. The underlined word “fresh-hand” means people _______.
A. who have learned English for many years B. who can speak a little English
C. who haven’t learned English beforeD. who do well in English
Keys:1—4 A D B B
C
“Visitors to the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai will be able to go sightseeing in super cool cars with no drivers,” Shanghai city officials (官员) said recently. When a prototype (样品) of the six-seat car was shown to the public, it interested many people.
“The car will help visitors feel what high technology is and help them enjoy the tour of the World Expo site,” said a professor (教授) from Tongji University. The prototype, 4.5 metres long, 1.7 metres wide, and 1.6 metres tall, runs along a white line. The car can reach a top speed of 50 kilometres per hour. It will take around 300,000 yuan to make such a car.
According to the researchers, any visitor in the car will be the driver. Visitors will be able to drive the car anywhere in the World Expo site by pressing a button. If they want to get off, all they need to do is just to press the button again to stop the car.
“People can rent such a car for a whole day or just take a ride in it from one place to another,” the professor said. About 400 to 500 of these cars will be made for the Expo in 2010. The cars will have radar(雷达) to help them get around. They will mainly use solar batteries and lithium (锂) batteries. As they don’t need drivers or oil, these cars will help save energy and labour power, and cause no pollution to the environment.
1. Which of the following isn’t mentioned in the second paragraph?
A. The speed of the cars. B. The shape of the cars.
C. The cost of making the cars. D. The number of the cars.
2. What does the underlined phrase“labour power” mainly refer to in the passage?
A. Solar batteries B. OilC. Lithium batteriesD. Drivers
3. Which of the following statements is wrong according to the last paragraph?
A. The car will not pollute the air. B. The car will use a little oil.
C. The car can help save energy. D. The car will use radar.
4. What’s the best title for the passage?
A. The 2010 World Expo B. Cars and air pollution
C. Cool cars with no drivers D. Radar first used in cars
Keys:1—4 D D B C
D
Many processed(加工的) foods already have salt in them. Fast foods often have a lot of salt in them. Canned(罐装的) foods often have salt. Packed foods such as biscuits have salt. Packed foods like potato chips have a lot of salt in them.
There is often a lot of salt in foods because people like the taste of salty food. However, too much salt is not good for you.
Sometimes the word salt is not mentioned but sodium (钠) is. Do you know salt is sodium chloride(氯化物)? If you know how much sodium is in food, you can find how much salt in it.
How much salt should kids eat a day?
★1-3 years ——2g
★4-6 years ——3g
★7-10 years ——5g
★11 and over ——6g
You don’t need any more salt than this. If your mom or dad is cooking,then ask them not to add much salt. You will still find that the food tastes really good. It can also help your mom or dad to cut down to a healthier level of salt.
1. Which of the following foods don’t have salt in them?
①potatoes②tomatoes③potato chips④biscuits⑤apples
A. ①②④ B. ②③⑤C. ②③④D. ①②⑤
2. What can you learn from the third paragraph?
A. People don’t need any salt.
B. Salt is sodium chloride.
C. You can never find soldium in packed foods.
D. Too much salt is not good for one’s health.
命题特点
1. 语篇选材多为时文,题材多样化,信息丰富。选材包括日常生活、传说、人物传记、社会、文化、新闻、史地、科普、政治、经济等,原汁原味,语言地道纯正,具有鲜明的英语语言文化特点。有较为丰富的文化蕴涵,重视社会热点问题,追踪科技前沿,具有浓厚的时代气息,使阅读考查更贴近实际生活。体裁多样化(记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文等),各种体裁的文章所占比例也比较均匀。剔除了有学科、性别、城乡差别等倾向的文章,遵循了公平、公正的原则。
2. 坚持把阅读技能作为考查目标。命题主要考查学生对文章中叙述的具体事实的理解能力(包括时间、地点、人物、事件等),以及根据上下文对某些词义、句义的推断理解能力和对文章主旨大意、作者观点和态度的理解及对考生的逻辑推理和判断能力的考查。
3. 增加了生词量,加大了对推断词义能力的考查。要求考生必须根据上下文或整篇文章才能做出推断,以此检测考生利用构词法等知识猜测词义的能力,进而在较高级的措辞中,探查作者的隐含意思。
4. 考点分布合理,试题设计科学,干扰项编制水平高。试题设计符合考生的认知水平,有效地避免了违背生活常识和语段本意的偏题、怪题;题干简洁明晰,既避免了长句、难句,又避免了生硬的套语;选项表意清楚,关系合理,干扰有效,答案惟一,避免了模棱两可的选项设计。干扰项只有涉及到语篇内容才有可能发挥干扰功能,各地在命题时都能把握住这一点,不少试题在干扰项的编制上水平较高。
中考阅读理解题,无论题材和体裁如何,其命题的种类可以归纳为四种:细节题、词义题、推理题和主旨题。
解题技巧
1.细节题
《英语课程标准(实验稿)》中有关阅读最基本的要求是:“能从一般性文章中获取和处理主要信息。”对这种“获取和处理主要信息”能力的考查,主要采用的方式就是“细节判断”。这类题在中考阅读理解题中占有相当大的比例,做好这类题是确保基础分的关键。同时,弄清细节,正确获取信息,也是把握文章主旨的前提。
做这类题的一般方法是,通过略读把握文章中心后,再通过“寻读法”快速确定该细节在文中的出处(信息源),对照选项进行“三错一对或三对一错”的判断。若该信息句是长句或难句,要学会找出其主干部分,分析句子结构,正确理解信息句的意义。命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生(如对原句细微处做改动;截取原文词语或结构进行改造;或者因果倒置,把A的观点说成B的观点等),所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是解答该类试题的关键。例如:
...In the spring, a male roadrunner begins looking for a female as a mate. When he finds one, he gives her presents — a snake to eat or a branch to use in building a nest. ... (2009年盐城保留原题号)
35.When a male roadrunner looks for a female, it usually gives her .
A. wings B. nests C. feathers D. gifts
【简析】解该题时,根据问题,可以在文章中直接找到解题的信息所在(he gives her presents),根据同义表达可以快速得到正确答案D项。
2.词义题
猜词是应用英语的重要能力之一。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文,而且要有较大的泛读量,掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。同时,我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜”,通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索推断词义。
◆构词法猜词。 新课程标准要求初中毕业生能掌握合成法、派生法和转化法这三种构词法,中考命题往往从这几个方面来测试考生的掌握情况。例如:
...Three years later when it was time for Wang Dan to go to school, Wang Xiaoyan decided he would carry her. The girl has repaid him by her excellent studies. (2008年福州)
What does the underlined word “repaid” mean?
A. 付款B. 赔偿C. 报答D. 贷款
【简析】repaid这个词可以根据构词法把它拆成re和paid。其中paid是词根,re意为“再,又”,因此repaid是“报答”的意思。选C 。
◆利用定义解释猜词。有些文章,特别是科技文章,通常会对一些关键词给予定义,我们可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思。例如:
...Wrestling is the game which is played by two strong people; one player tried to get the other down on the floor... (2008年恩施)
What is the Chinese meaning of the underlined word “wrestling” in the paragraph?
A. 摔跤B. 射击C. 赛马D. 拳击
【简析】解该题时只要根据定语从句中解释说明的内容就可以知道该题的正确答案是A项。
◆利用同义词或者近义词猜词。在生词所出现的上下文中,有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构,这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。通常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or,这些词语或短语在句中作相同的成分,并且and或or连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的,由此可确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域,进而推断出它的大致词义。例如:
...Animals have different living habits. Some like to look for food at daytime and sleep at night, but some like to sleep at daytime and prowl at night...(2008年泰安)
The word “prowl” most nearly means .
A. 追逐B. 厮杀C. 隐藏D. 觅食
【简析】通过这些并列句可以看出prowl与look for food 是近义词,词义也应该是“寻找食物”,所以D项正确。
◆利用经验常识猜词。由于阅读材料来源于生活,所以有些词汇题仅仅凭借生活常识就可以轻松“搞定”。例如:
... After the earthquake:
●Check, take care of injuries and help make sure people around you are all right.
●Watch out for aftershocks.
●Protect yourself by wearing long pants, a long-sleeved(长袖的) shirt and strong shoes.
●Listen to the radio for the latest information. (2008年 宁波)
The underlined word “aftershocks” in the passage means “” in Chinese.
A. 震感B. 震源C. 余震D. 防震
【简析】阅读完材料后,结合生活常识可以知道地震后,人们要当心“余震”,故本题的正确答案应该是C项。
◆利用举例猜词。
为了说明或证实自己的观点,作者往往会举例,借助这些例子可帮助我们猜测生词。例如:
...I have found Lucy is quite generous, for example, whenever she meets a beggar, she gives some coins to him... (2007年江油)
What is the Chinese meaning of the word “generous”?
A. 温和的B. 慷慨的C. 公平的D. 优雅的
【简析】通过例句“每次遇到乞丐,她都会给一些硬币”,可以猜测出“generous”的词义应该是“慷慨的”。选B。
◆利用词义的关联性来猜词。 任何一个单词在句子中总是与其他词相关联的,我们可以通过这些前后的关联来猜测生词的词义。 例如:
...I wish this medicine may really cure my backache... (2007年咸宁)
The word “cure” most nearly meansin Chinese.
A. 治理B. 诊断 C. 治愈D. 诊疗
【简析】在猜测“cure”一词的时候,如果关注到“medicine(药物)”和 “backache(背疼)”,利用词义的关联性,可以猜测 “cure”意为 “治愈”。选C。
3.推理判断题
推理判断试题属于高层次阅读理解题,很多考生对此类题型的解答感到很吃力,没有把握。其解题技法为:
①利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断
几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定的褒贬性,这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理、情绪状态及作者的写作意图,因此利用好文章的语境褒贬性,就能在把握文章主旨的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。认真阅读原文并找出反映语境褒贬性及变化的标志性词汇或句子,对我们掌握文章主旨,了解主人公的心理特点及发展变化,从而正确地进行逻辑推断很有好处。例如:
Sally was a student. It was going to be her mother’s birthday. She wanted to buy her a present that would be nice and useful but not expensive.
She went shopping after a quick and simple lunch. After she looked for half an hour, she found a shop that was selling cheap umbrellas, and she decided to take a black one.
She thought, “Mom can carry it when she is wearing clothes of any color.” So she bought a lovely black umbrella and took it to school with her until her class finished... (2008年施恩)
Which sentence has the same meaning as “Mom can carry it when she is wearing clothes of any color”?
A. Mom must carry it when she is wearing any clothes.
B. Mom is beautiful in any clothes.
C. The color of the umbrella is OK for Mom’s clothes of any color.
D. Mom can buy any clothes that she likes to wear.
【简析】解该题时,如果考虑到作者的心理特点就可以知道:孩子都热爱自己的母亲;再结合上下文中的一些具有褒义信息的词语(so,lovely等)可以知道买黑色的伞是为了和母亲所穿的任何颜色的服装相配。故C项正确。
②根据文章的结论推断作者的态度
作者的态度、倾向是指作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定,对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨等。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间,或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此,在推断过程中,应特别注意文中作者的措辞,尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。例如:
It was the last day of the final examination in a college. On the steps of building, a group of engineering students were waiting for the last exam. On their faces was confidence.
They knew the exam would be easy. The professor (a teacher at a college) had said they could bring any books or notes during the test.
Right after they came into the classroom,the professor handed out the papers. There were only five questions on it.
Three hours passed. Then the professor began to collect the papers. The students no longer looked confident. On their faces was nervous expression. The professor watched the worried faces before him, and then asked, “How many of you have completed all five questions?” No hand was raised. “How many of you have answered four?” Still no hands. “Three? Two?” The students moved restlessly in their seats. “One, then?Certainly somebody has finished one.” But the class kept silent. The professor said, “That is exactly what I expected. I just want to make you know clearly that even though you have completed four years of engineering,there are still many things about the subject you don’t know. These questions you could not answer are common in everyday practice.” Then, smiling, he added, “You will all pass this course, your education has just begun.”
The years have obscured (模糊) the name of this professor, but not the lesson he taught. (2008年 盐城)
What could the students learn from the last exam?
A. He laughs best who laughs last. B. A good beginning is half done.
C. One is never too old to learn. D. The early bird catches the worm.
【简析】阅读完材料,在了解故事的情节的基础上,可以知道,作者之所以难忘这堂课,是因为在这堂课上,他学到了一个深刻的道理:学无止境。所以C项正确。
③结合已有的相关知识进行推断
这是根据文章中所阐述的细节,运用自己掌握的相关知识进行分析、推敲,从而得出符合文章原义的结论的一种推理方法。巧妙运用该方法可以大大提高解题速度。例如:
...In 1842 Darwin went to live in Kent, and there he continued his studies of change in nature. Darwin understood that plants and animals are not always the same, and that they really change.
By 1859 Darwin had finished his famous book “The Origin of Species”.
In 1871 Darwin wrote another important book.
Darwin continued his studies in science until he died in 1882.(2008年盐城)
Which book was written by Darwin in 1871?
A. The Origin of Species. B. The Theory of Relativity.
C. The Theory of Evolution. D. The Old Man and the Sea.
【简析】解该题时,考生除了需要看懂阅读材料外,还需要运用一些跨学科的知识。例如:考生要根据 “The Old Man and the Sea”知道这是海明威所写的《老人与海》;考生还要知道 “The Theory of Relativity”是爱因斯坦所著的《相对论》。最后,再结合材料所给的内容,又可以排除A项。所以C项正确,达尔文在1871年写的书是《进化论》。
4.主旨大意题
主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。这类试题考查的一般范围是:基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法,对文章进行高度概括或总结,属于高层次题。或做主题概括类试题多采用浏览法,浏览时,一般不需逐句浏览,只需选读文章的首段、尾段或每段的首句和尾句,重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。在中考中,不少阅读材料的主旨大意题都是以选择文章的标题这一形式出现的。那么如何选择文章的标题呢?
◆要在阅读原文的基础上,仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系;
◆要看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何;
◆要注意题目是过大还是过小;
◆要避免下列三种错误:①概括不够(多表现为部分代整体,从而导致范围太小);②过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围);③以事实、细节替代抽象的大意。
要选好合适的标题,还需要了解标题的基本拟定方式。一般来说,标题的拟定方式是:以话题为核心,将主题句按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题或中心思想的词组。例如:
We are often asked to make a speech in life. Most of us are afraid of it and don’t do a good job. Here are some simple steps to make your speech a successful one. First of all, find out everything you can about your subject and at the same time find out as much as you can about your audience. Who are they?What do they know about your subject?Put yourself in their shoes as you prepare your speech. Then try to arrenge your material so that your speech is clear and easy to follow. Use as many examples as possible. Never forget your audience. Don’t talk over their heads or talk down to them. When you are giving your speech, speak slowly and clearly, look at your audience and pause for a few seconds from time to time to give your audience chances to think over what you’ve said. Just remember: be prepared, know your subject and your audience, say what you have to say and be yourself so that your ideas will bring you and your audience together.(2008年 无锡)
Which title best gives the main idea of the passage?
A. How to Remember the Audience
B. How to Pick out the Topic for a Speech
C. How to Prepare the Material for a Speech
D. How to Improve Your Speech
【简析】阅读完该材料后,可以发现“Here are some simple steps to make your speech a successful one.”是这段材料的主题句。此时再对所提供的四个选项进行分析,可以发现A、B、C三项都只涉及这一主题的某个部分,而D项和主题句高度吻合。
迎考专练
A
The following is from Priory School—a British middle school about school uniform.
Priory School Uniform Rules
Priory School uniform is simple, neat and practical. We have found that parents and students appreciate our dress ideas.
Priory School uniform is produced in Wards, High Street,Lewes.
Necessary for all years
ShirtEither a white school shirt, or a simple white “polo” shirt under the sweater.
TrousersBlack, “school uniform” type. Not jeans or fashion trousers.
Skirt(girls)Black, simple, knee-length regulation school skirt. (Not fashion wear.)
ShoesSimple black leather, or leather-like shoes with no patterns, colors, logos (标志), or colored laces (饰带).
Optional (可选择的)
SweatershirtA black sweatershirt with “Priory School” woven on it.
SweaterA black fine-knit v-neck sweater, with “Priory School” woven on it.
T-shirtIf students wish to wear a T-shirt under the school shirt, it must be simple white;no neck-sweaters should be worn.
CoatCoats should not be worn in school.
SocksBlack, grey or white. Girls may wear black or grey warm tights in cold weather.
Clothes of famous logos should not be brought to school. All students are expected to arrive with the correct clothes for PE lessons. No jewelry of any kind to be worn.
To help make clear our dress ideas, designs and models can be viewed on the school website www.priory.e-susses.sch.uk.
1. The underlined word “Lewes” is probably the name of _______.
A. a head teacher of the schoolB. a producer or a company
C. a middle schoolD. a city or a town
2. Which is the proper wear for a student in Priory School?
A. A white shirt, jeans and black shoes.
B. A pink T-shirt, a black skirt, and grey socks.
C. A white T-shirt, black trousers of “school uniform” type and black shoes.
D. A coat, trendy black trousers and black leather shoes.
3. The students in Priory School can wear _______ in PE lessons.
A. a school shirtB. ringsC. earringsD. Adidas sports shoes
4. If you want more information about the school uniform rules, you can _______.
A. make a telephone call B. visit the school website
C. send an E-mail D. write a letter
Keys:1—4 D C A B
B
Simple E-mails from our yapprs
1. Yappr is a _______ .
A. websiteB. magazineC. computerD. newspaper
2. Yappr can help people _______.
A. meet famous people B. make lots of money
C. to be famousD. learn English well
3. On the websiet, Sinson mainly _______ .
A. reads some English novelsB. watches videos in English
C. writes some English songsD. learns how to sing English songs
4. The underlined word “fresh-hand” means people _______.
A. who have learned English for many years B. who can speak a little English
C. who haven’t learned English beforeD. who do well in English
Keys:1—4 A D B B
C
“Visitors to the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai will be able to go sightseeing in super cool cars with no drivers,” Shanghai city officials (官员) said recently. When a prototype (样品) of the six-seat car was shown to the public, it interested many people.
“The car will help visitors feel what high technology is and help them enjoy the tour of the World Expo site,” said a professor (教授) from Tongji University. The prototype, 4.5 metres long, 1.7 metres wide, and 1.6 metres tall, runs along a white line. The car can reach a top speed of 50 kilometres per hour. It will take around 300,000 yuan to make such a car.
According to the researchers, any visitor in the car will be the driver. Visitors will be able to drive the car anywhere in the World Expo site by pressing a button. If they want to get off, all they need to do is just to press the button again to stop the car.
“People can rent such a car for a whole day or just take a ride in it from one place to another,” the professor said. About 400 to 500 of these cars will be made for the Expo in 2010. The cars will have radar(雷达) to help them get around. They will mainly use solar batteries and lithium (锂) batteries. As they don’t need drivers or oil, these cars will help save energy and labour power, and cause no pollution to the environment.
1. Which of the following isn’t mentioned in the second paragraph?
A. The speed of the cars. B. The shape of the cars.
C. The cost of making the cars. D. The number of the cars.
2. What does the underlined phrase“labour power” mainly refer to in the passage?
A. Solar batteries B. OilC. Lithium batteriesD. Drivers
3. Which of the following statements is wrong according to the last paragraph?
A. The car will not pollute the air. B. The car will use a little oil.
C. The car can help save energy. D. The car will use radar.
4. What’s the best title for the passage?
A. The 2010 World Expo B. Cars and air pollution
C. Cool cars with no drivers D. Radar first used in cars
Keys:1—4 D D B C
D
Many processed(加工的) foods already have salt in them. Fast foods often have a lot of salt in them. Canned(罐装的) foods often have salt. Packed foods such as biscuits have salt. Packed foods like potato chips have a lot of salt in them.
There is often a lot of salt in foods because people like the taste of salty food. However, too much salt is not good for you.
Sometimes the word salt is not mentioned but sodium (钠) is. Do you know salt is sodium chloride(氯化物)? If you know how much sodium is in food, you can find how much salt in it.
How much salt should kids eat a day?
★1-3 years ——2g
★4-6 years ——3g
★7-10 years ——5g
★11 and over ——6g
You don’t need any more salt than this. If your mom or dad is cooking,then ask them not to add much salt. You will still find that the food tastes really good. It can also help your mom or dad to cut down to a healthier level of salt.
1. Which of the following foods don’t have salt in them?
①potatoes②tomatoes③potato chips④biscuits⑤apples
A. ①②④ B. ②③⑤C. ②③④D. ①②⑤
2. What can you learn from the third paragraph?
A. People don’t need any salt.
B. Salt is sodium chloride.
C. You can never find soldium in packed foods.
D. Too much salt is not good for one’s health.