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理性主义一元论认为,人文科学问题与自然科学一样只存在唯一正确答案;对正确答案之外的所有认识,不仅不能宽容,而且要坚决消除。伯林指出理性主义一元论是导致20世纪极权主义不宽容心理的哲学根源。与理性主义一元论“不宽容”理念正相反对,伯林倡导蕴含宽容精神的多元主义自由观,认为人文科学甚至自然科学并非只有一种正确答案,诸答案间不可通约。伯林的多元主义自由观超越了传统自由主义理论的局限性,但因其深陷于诸价值的冲突之中,而导致“只有有了自由,自由才可能”的理论困境。
Rationalistic monism holds that there is only one correct answer to the problem of the humanities science as it is to the natural sciences. All understanding beyond the correct answer can not only be tolerated but also resolutely eliminated. Berlin pointed out that the rationalist monism is the philosophical source that led to the intolerance of totalitarianism in the 20th century. In opposition to the rationalist monism and the concept of “intolerance,” Berlin advocates the liberal concept of tolerance with pluralism. He believes that the humanities and even the natural sciences do not have only one correct answer. The answers are not interdependent. Berlin’s concept of pluralist freedom transcends the limitations of traditional liberal theory, but because of its deep involvement in the conflicts of various values, it leads to the theoretical predicament that “freedom and freedom are possible only if there is freedom.”