60秒科学:遥遥送孢子,蘑菇也生风

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  STEP 1 先脱离文字听一遍,总结研究人员得出的成果,然后简要回答以下问题:蘑菇的繁衍需要散播什么?研究人员发现,在没有风的情况下,蘑菇的孢子会怎样?蘑菇是怎样制造微风的?
  STEP 2 现在听第二遍,对照文字检查刚刚的回答是否正确。
  Mushrooms must scatter[散播] their spores[孢子] to make little mushrooms. And we’ve long assumed that they rely on[依靠] a friendly breeze[微风] for spore spreading. But a new study shows that mushrooms can create their own spore-casting[投掷] wind.
  Fluid mechanics[流体力学] researchers trained[瞄准] high-speed video cameras on common Shiitake[香菇] and oyster mushrooms[平菇]. The scientists discovered that the mushroom spores floated off even when the air was calm. They enlisted[获得] mathematical[数学的] models to solve the mystery.
  Turns out that before the spore dispersal[传播], the mushrooms released water vapor[水蒸气]. This moisture[湿气] cooled the air around the ’shrooms, causing a convective[对流的] dynamic[动力] that got the air moving. Just this faint fungal[真菌的] breeze was enough to carry the spores away from the parent. The findings were presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Physical Society’s Division of Fluid Dynamics in Pittsburgh.
  This discovery suggests that mushrooms aren’t simply in a race to produce the most spores. Evolution also engineered a good way to spread them.
  蘑菇必须散播它们的孢子才能育出小蘑菇。一直以来,我们都认为蘑菇是靠一阵友善的微风来传播孢子的,但是一项新研究表明,蘑菇可以自己制造微风来传播孢子。
  流体力学研究人员用高速摄像机拍摄一般的香菇和平菇(的繁殖情况)。科学家们发现,即使在没有风的时候,蘑菇的孢子也会飘浮起来。他们采用了一批数学模型来解开这个谜团。
  研究发现,蘑菇会在传播孢子前释出水汽。这些湿气会降低蘑菇周围的空气温度,形成对流,从而使空气产生流动。仅靠这股微弱的“真菌风”便足以将孢子带离母体。美国物理学会流体力学分会在匹兹堡召开年会,(研究人员)在会上发布了这项研究成果。
  这一发现表明,蘑菇不仅在力争繁衍更多的孢子,进化还为它们设计了一个传播孢子的好办法。
  蘑菇知多少?


  蘑菇的基本结构为:菌盖、菌褶、菌柄、菌丝、孢子。蘑菇属于多细胞真菌,由大量的菌丝构成的,体内不含叶绿体。
  蘑菇的营养方式为异养,即必须以现成的有机物为食,从中获得生命活动所需的物质和能量,产生大量的孢子。蘑菇靠孢子繁殖新个体,其地上部分为子实体,由菌丝构成;地下部分为菌丝,交错延伸在土壤中,吸收土壤中的水分和有机物进行腐生生活。
  蘑菇营养丰富,富含人体必需的氨基酸、矿物质、维生素和多糖等营养成分,是一种高蛋白、低脂肪的营养保健食品。经常食用蘑菇能很好地促进人体对其他食物营养的吸收。
  蘑菇虽不是植物但在佛门可作为食物,至今寺庙节日斋饭还少不了蘑菇,因为以前无法鉴别蘑菇是植物还是动物,所以蘑菇被古人认为是植物。
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