在美国早期心理学家威廉·詹姆斯看来,婴儿只是“一个象花蕾般生长、但不能思维的躯体”,既没有连贯的思想,也没有敏锐的感觉。英国十九世纪的教育家约翰·洛克则认为,婴儿来到世上就象白纸一张,有待于生活的经验在上面书写。但是,他们错了:现代心理学和生理学的实验研究及临床观察已经证明,婴儿是极其复杂的。美国普林斯顿特殊儿童研究所所长、心理学家M·刘易斯的结论是:“婴儿能做的事比我们想象的要多得多,而且要早得多。”科学家们用研究婴儿智力行为的 To William James, the early American psychologist, the baby was “just a body that grew like a flower bud but could not think,” with neither coherent thought nor sharp sensation. John Locke, a British nineteenth-century educator, believes that when a baby arrives in the world like a sheet of white paper, his experience of living is to be written on it. However, they are wrong: experimental research and clinical observation of modern psychology and physiology have proved that infants are extremely complicated. Psychologist M. Lewis, the director of the Princeton Institute for Special Children in the United States, concluded: “Babies can do more, and much earlier, than we think.” Scientists use intelligence to study infant intelligence