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全世界已经有超过二千万人死于获得性免疫缺陷综合征(又称艾滋病)。人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)是引起艾滋病的病原体,是由Montagnier在1983年发现的。HIV是一种逆转录病毒,有两条单链RNA组成,在逆转录酶的作用下,转录成前病毒双链DNA。HIV主要通过使CD4T细胞衰竭来破坏免疫系统。当CD4T细胞降至全血200个/mm-3时,免疫系统功能就会发生紊乱,并且会伴随机会性感染如结核杆菌、隐孢子虫等。本文概述了由于HIV感染引起的复杂、多面性的免疫反应,并重点介绍了CD4T细胞衰竭的机制。Th1和Th2辅助细胞的平衡改变也与疾病的进展有关。为了控制此疾病,研究者设计了多种疫苗,并且有些疫苗已经进入了临床试验阶段。
More than 20 million people worldwide have died of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (also known as AIDS). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the causative agent of AIDS and was discovered by Montagnier in 1983. HIV is a retrovirus that consists of two single-stranded RNAs that are transcribed into proviral double-stranded DNA under the action of reverse transcriptase. HIV mainly disrupts the immune system by depleting CD4 T cells. When CD4 T cells are reduced to 200 whole blood / mm-3, the immune system function will be disturbed, and will be accompanied by opportunistic infections such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Cryptosporidium and so on. This article provides an overview of the complex, multifaceted immune response due to HIV infection and highlights the mechanisms underlying CD4 T cell failure. Balanced changes in Th1 and Th2 helper cells are also linked to disease progression. To control the disease, researchers have devised multiple vaccines and some have entered clinical trials.