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高考英语七选五文本通常是说明文。说明文抽象度高,逻辑关联性强,考生常因对上下文的理解不到位,而导致犹豫不决或选错答案。其原因是只关注局部,不注重语篇分析,没把握主旨。因此,为帮助考生正确判断设空句与前后句的逻辑关系,提高准确率,本文探讨解答七选五的另一做题技巧——逻辑关系法。
一、修辞结构理论
修辞结构理论指出,篇章的各个方面(句与句、段与段)都是彼此联系的。每个句子都像篇章的附属零件,零件间有着许多从属关系。这些从属关系使得文章结构紧密且富有逻辑连贯性。修辞结构理论的修辞关系有二十余种,其中常见的修辞关系有并列关系、递进关系、转折关系、因果关系、条件关系等。本文从结构理论的视角出发,以2016~2021年高考英语七选五真题为例,阐述五类逻辑关系,以及如何利用两类提示词判断上下文的关联。
二、五类修辞关系
1. 因果关系
表示因果关系的提示词,常见的有because, so, thus, therefore, consequently, as a result, so...that...等。
[例1](2021年新高考I卷)
My husband and I just spent a week in Paris. 36 So the first thing we did was rent a fantastically expensive sixth-floor apartment the size of a cupboard. It was so tiny that we had to leave our suitcases in the hallway.
C. There was a nice kitchen and a comfortable bed.
F. Our aim was to see if we could live, in some way, like real Parisians.
解析:空前句說,“我和丈夫刚在巴黎呆了一周。”空后的句子由表示结果的so引出,“因此我们做的第一件事是……”可见,空格句应是说明租公寓的原因。因此,F选项“Our aim was to see if we could live, in some way, like real Parisians. (我们的目的是看看我们能否在某种程度上,过上地道巴黎人的生活)”最符合本空。
2. 递进关系
表示递进关系的提示词有also, even, besides, furthermore, in addition, what’s more等。
[例2](2021年新高考I卷)
The place wasn’t entirely authentic, though. Unlike a normal Parisian apartment, the plumbing(水管)worked. 37 Our building even had a tiny lift with a female voice that said,“Ouverture des portes,”in perfect French.
B. The quality of life in France is equally excellent.
C. There was a nice kitchen and a comfortable bed.
解析:由前空的“the plumbing worked(水管能用)”,空后“even had a tiny lift(甚至有一个小电梯)”,特别是表示递进关系的even可知,空格句和空前、空后句都是说明住所的配备条件的。只有C项“There was a nice kitchen and a comfortable bed”最契合此处。
3. 条件关系
表示条件关系的提示词有if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that...等。
[例3](2019年全国I卷)Is Fresh Air Really Good for You?
We all grew up hearing people tell us to“go out and get some fresh air.” 36 According to recent studies, the answer is a big YES,if the air quality in your camping area is good.
B. So what are you waiting for?
E. But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?
解析:由空后句中的answer 和YES(回答是肯定的)可知,设空处应为疑问句。再者,由if引导的条件句“如果露营的地方空气质量好的话”可知,E选项“But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?(但新鲜空气是否真的如你妈妈说的那样好?)”为最佳选项。
4. 转折关系
表示转折关系的提示词有but, however, while, yet, though, nevertheless, otherwise等。 [例5](2017年全国I卷)
I was, nevertheless, talked into going on another fun-filled holiday in the wilderness(荒野). 38 Instead, we had a pop-up camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner. My nature-loving friends had remembered to bring all the necessities of life.
A. This time there was no tent.
B. Things are going to be improved.
解析:由空后的Instead(相反)可知,设空处与之后的句子的是转折关系,从空格后中的a pop-up camper(弹出式露营车)、comfortable beds(舒服的床)、an air conditioner(空调)、all the necessities of life(所有的生活必需品)可知,此次露营条件较为优越舒适。故A选项“This time there was no tent(这次没有帐篷)为最佳选项。
5. 并列关系
并列邏辑关系的提示词,通常有first, second...next, then, not only...but also,neither...nor, both...and..., some...others..., for one thing...for another...等。
[例6](2016年新课标II卷)
If you’d like to build a powerful bond with your garden, start by taking some time to recall the gardens of your youth. 20 . Then go outside and work out a plan to translate your childhood memories into your grown-up garden. Have fun.
B. Find a good place for your own garden
G. For each of those gardens, writer down the strongest memory you have
解析:空前句子阐述本段主旨“如果你想和花园建立牢固的关系”,应该怎么做。首先,“花些时间回忆一下你年轻时的花园。”空后的句子由then引出,“然后走出去,制定一个计划,把儿童时对花园的记忆转化为成人的花园。”由此可见,空处的句子,是对空格前一句的注释,后面的then...一句与前面内容并列;故G选项“For each of those gardens, write down the strongest memory you have(写下每个花园你印象最深刻的部分)”为最佳选项。
除因果、递进、并列、转折、条件关系外,七选五语篇有时还有例证关系,对比关系等。综上所述,做好七选五,首先要通读全文,把握文章的结构。其次,在设空处上下句子中寻找两种关键词(1)表达作者观点态度的关键词,如动词、形容词、副词、名词等;(2)修辞结构中提示读者逻辑关系的关键词,如so, even, instead, if, then等。这样,我们可以更加清晰地把握句子之间、段落之间的逻辑关系,提高七选五的正解率。
责任编辑 蒋小青
一、修辞结构理论
修辞结构理论指出,篇章的各个方面(句与句、段与段)都是彼此联系的。每个句子都像篇章的附属零件,零件间有着许多从属关系。这些从属关系使得文章结构紧密且富有逻辑连贯性。修辞结构理论的修辞关系有二十余种,其中常见的修辞关系有并列关系、递进关系、转折关系、因果关系、条件关系等。本文从结构理论的视角出发,以2016~2021年高考英语七选五真题为例,阐述五类逻辑关系,以及如何利用两类提示词判断上下文的关联。
二、五类修辞关系
1. 因果关系
表示因果关系的提示词,常见的有because, so, thus, therefore, consequently, as a result, so...that...等。
[例1](2021年新高考I卷)
My husband and I just spent a week in Paris. 36 So the first thing we did was rent a fantastically expensive sixth-floor apartment the size of a cupboard. It was so tiny that we had to leave our suitcases in the hallway.
C. There was a nice kitchen and a comfortable bed.
F. Our aim was to see if we could live, in some way, like real Parisians.
解析:空前句說,“我和丈夫刚在巴黎呆了一周。”空后的句子由表示结果的so引出,“因此我们做的第一件事是……”可见,空格句应是说明租公寓的原因。因此,F选项“Our aim was to see if we could live, in some way, like real Parisians. (我们的目的是看看我们能否在某种程度上,过上地道巴黎人的生活)”最符合本空。
2. 递进关系
表示递进关系的提示词有also, even, besides, furthermore, in addition, what’s more等。
[例2](2021年新高考I卷)
The place wasn’t entirely authentic, though. Unlike a normal Parisian apartment, the plumbing(水管)worked. 37 Our building even had a tiny lift with a female voice that said,“Ouverture des portes,”in perfect French.
B. The quality of life in France is equally excellent.
C. There was a nice kitchen and a comfortable bed.
解析:由前空的“the plumbing worked(水管能用)”,空后“even had a tiny lift(甚至有一个小电梯)”,特别是表示递进关系的even可知,空格句和空前、空后句都是说明住所的配备条件的。只有C项“There was a nice kitchen and a comfortable bed”最契合此处。
3. 条件关系
表示条件关系的提示词有if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that...等。
[例3](2019年全国I卷)Is Fresh Air Really Good for You?
We all grew up hearing people tell us to“go out and get some fresh air.” 36 According to recent studies, the answer is a big YES,if the air quality in your camping area is good.
B. So what are you waiting for?
E. But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?
解析:由空后句中的answer 和YES(回答是肯定的)可知,设空处应为疑问句。再者,由if引导的条件句“如果露营的地方空气质量好的话”可知,E选项“But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?(但新鲜空气是否真的如你妈妈说的那样好?)”为最佳选项。
4. 转折关系
表示转折关系的提示词有but, however, while, yet, though, nevertheless, otherwise等。 [例5](2017年全国I卷)
I was, nevertheless, talked into going on another fun-filled holiday in the wilderness(荒野). 38 Instead, we had a pop-up camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner. My nature-loving friends had remembered to bring all the necessities of life.
A. This time there was no tent.
B. Things are going to be improved.
解析:由空后的Instead(相反)可知,设空处与之后的句子的是转折关系,从空格后中的a pop-up camper(弹出式露营车)、comfortable beds(舒服的床)、an air conditioner(空调)、all the necessities of life(所有的生活必需品)可知,此次露营条件较为优越舒适。故A选项“This time there was no tent(这次没有帐篷)为最佳选项。
5. 并列关系
并列邏辑关系的提示词,通常有first, second...next, then, not only...but also,neither...nor, both...and..., some...others..., for one thing...for another...等。
[例6](2016年新课标II卷)
If you’d like to build a powerful bond with your garden, start by taking some time to recall the gardens of your youth. 20 . Then go outside and work out a plan to translate your childhood memories into your grown-up garden. Have fun.
B. Find a good place for your own garden
G. For each of those gardens, writer down the strongest memory you have
解析:空前句子阐述本段主旨“如果你想和花园建立牢固的关系”,应该怎么做。首先,“花些时间回忆一下你年轻时的花园。”空后的句子由then引出,“然后走出去,制定一个计划,把儿童时对花园的记忆转化为成人的花园。”由此可见,空处的句子,是对空格前一句的注释,后面的then...一句与前面内容并列;故G选项“For each of those gardens, write down the strongest memory you have(写下每个花园你印象最深刻的部分)”为最佳选项。
除因果、递进、并列、转折、条件关系外,七选五语篇有时还有例证关系,对比关系等。综上所述,做好七选五,首先要通读全文,把握文章的结构。其次,在设空处上下句子中寻找两种关键词(1)表达作者观点态度的关键词,如动词、形容词、副词、名词等;(2)修辞结构中提示读者逻辑关系的关键词,如so, even, instead, if, then等。这样,我们可以更加清晰地把握句子之间、段落之间的逻辑关系,提高七选五的正解率。
责任编辑 蒋小青