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莫斯科电影学院和电影改革(下文背景知识)苏联国立电影学院即现今的俄罗斯莫斯科电影学院,其前身为莫斯科电影学校。该校建立于1919年9月,是世界上成立最早的电影教育机构之一,俄罗斯许多著名演员和导演都毕业于该校。1930年该校被命名为俄国国立电影学院,1938年起正式成为苏联国立电影学院。俄罗斯国立电影学院是苏俄电影艺术史不可分割的组成部分,代表着它辉煌璀璨的过去、良性发展的现在和灿烂缤纷的未来。在不同的时代,有很多著名电影工作者在该校任教,如库里洛夫(СергейИвановичКурилов,1914—1987)、爱森斯坦(серегйМихайловичЭйзенштейн,1998—1948)、罗姆(МихаилИльичРомм,1901—1971)、邦达尔丘克(СергейФедоровичБондарчук,1920—1994)等。1985年,戈尔巴乔夫当选为苏共中央总书记;1986年,苏共第27次代表大会召开,会上正式提出“民主化”和“公开化”的口号。由此,苏联社会开始改革。在这样的社会背景下,作为“所有艺术中最重要的”电影也不甘落后,且走在改革的最前列。1986年召开的全苏第五次电影工作者代表大会开始了苏联电影的全面改革。作为官方机构的最高代表,苏联影协实施了一系列改革方案:解禁一大批此前被搁置的艺术思想和表现手法具有新意的影片(其中就有索库洛夫的《一个人的独语》);取消电影审查制度;改变电影生产模式;取消共产党的领导等等。这些改革措施一方面给苏联电影带来暂时的活跃和一时的繁荣,电影生产猛增,故事片从每年出品150部左右增长到1991年出品375部;另一方面负面影响日显,积弊重重,积重难返,直接影响后来的俄罗斯电影产业,使俄罗斯电影成为“一个幽灵式的存在客体”。
Moscow Film Academy and Film Reform (below background) The Soviet National Film Institute, now the Moscow Film Academy of Russia, formerly Moscow Film School. Founded in September 1919, the school is one of the earliest film educational institutions in the world and many of Russia's leading actors and directors are graduated. In 1930 the school was named the Russian National Film Institute, 1938 officially became the Soviet National Film Institute. Russia's National Film Institute is an integral part of the history of Soviet-style cinema art, representing its brilliant future, healthy development and bright future. In different times, there are many famous filmmakers who teach in this school, such as Комплекс Сергей Иванович Курилов (1914-1987), Eisenstein (Серегй Михайлович Эйзенштейн, 1998-1948), Михаилильич Ромм (1901-1971), Bondal Chuuk (СергейФедорович Бондарчук, 1920-1994) and so on. In 1985, Gorbachev was elected as the general secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. In 1986, the 27th Congress of the CPSU convened formally the slogan of “democratization” and “openness.” As a result, Soviet society began to reform. In such a social context, being “the most important film in all arts” is not far behind and is at the forefront of reform. The Fifth Cinematographer Congress in 1986 inaugurated a comprehensive reform of Soviet cinema. As the supreme representative of the official agencies, the Soviet Film Society implemented a series of reform programs: the lifting of a large number of previously suspended art ideas and performance of innovative films (including Sokolov's “one-man's own language”) ; Cancel the censorship system; change the film production mode; cancel the leadership of the Communist Party and so on. On the one hand, these reform measures brought temporary active and temporary prosperity to the Soviet film industry. Film production soared from about 150 films produced annually to 375 films produced in 1991; on the other hand, the negative impact has become increasingly obvious and fraught with difficulties, , A direct impact on the later Russian film industry, making Russian film a “ghost-like object of existence.”