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传统观点认为,在量上社会必要劳动时间应该等于单位商品价值量。但这意味着在社会必要劳动时间中将包含死劳动,因而便否定了“活劳动价值一元论”。但社会必要劳动时间与单位商品价值量的关系,相当于马克思所说的“价值产品”与“产品价值”的关系,也就是说社会必要劳动时间应该小于等于单位商品价值量。从而使上述悖论得以克服。本文通过对旧价值部分的追溯,运用数学过程阐明了一切商品归根结底都是由活劳动创造的机制,论证了活劳动是商品价值的唯一源泉。由此,深化了对马克思关于劳动价值论的一些重要结论的认识,并对近年所议论的一些重大课题(如所谓“成正比”的问题等)在新的基础上予以重新整合。
The traditional view is that the amount of socially necessary labor time should be equal to the unit of commodity value. But this means that dead labor will be included in the socially necessary working time, thus negating the “monistic labor value”. However, the relationship between the socially necessary working time and the unit value of goods corresponds to the relationship between Marx’s “value product” and “product value”, that is, the socially necessary working time should be less than or equal to the unit product value. So that the above paradox can be overcome. Through the tracing back of the old value part, the article uses the mathematical process to clarify that all the goods are the mechanism created by the living labor in the final analysis, demonstrating that living labor is the only source of the value of the goods. As a result, we deepen our understanding of some important Marxist conclusions on labor theory of value and reorganize some major issues discussed in recent years (such as the so-called “directly proportional” issue) on a new basis.