政治、宗教、社会等外在体制力量对学术创新的压阻性事例,我们都耳熟能详了。但更大的阻力往往是来自业界内部的群体。在学术与专业发展的历程中,从业者组成了学会,聚集于大学或研究机构,近代又有了专业的刊物,互相支持、传递信息、奖励杰出成就,一直都起了很积极的作用。但事物总有其正反两面,学术界的体制集群,往往也对创新者压制迫害极甚。这些事例在历史中屡见不鲜,科斯勒(A.Koestler)认为这种保守行为的驱力,本来就萌发于学术界体制的本性之中,像所有其他体制一样,它总是有意识或无意识地要延续既存的现实。这部分是因为新的想法对它的权威是一种挑战;在更深的层次上,建制更是恐惧在新思维的冲击之下,世代艰苦建成的巍然知识大厦会土崩瓦解。从公元前三世纪便对学生讲授地球绕太阳运行论的阿里斯达克(Aristarchus)到发现血型的都是与同行里主流集团剑拔弩张的严阵以待。 Politics, religion, society and other external institutional forces on the academic innovation of the repressive cases, we are familiar with. But greater resistance tends to come from within the industry. In the course of academic and professional development, practitioners have always played a very active role in forming a society of learning, gathering at universities or research institutes, and having specialized journals in modern times to support each other, disseminate information and reward outstanding achievements. However, there are always two sides of things. The academic cluster of institutions often exerts great pressure on innovators to suppress persecution. These examples are not uncommon in history, and A. Koestler believes that the drive for such conservative behavior is inherent in the nature of the academic system and, like all other institutions, it always continues consciously or unconsciously Existing reality. This is partly because the new ideas pose a challenge to its authority; at a deeper level, the system is even more afraid. Under the impact of new thinking, the arduous building of knowledge that has been built up from generation to generation will fall apart. From the third century BC onwards, students were taught Aristarchus around the sun's theory of operation to the discovery of the blood type with the tide of confrontation with the mainstream groups in their colleagues.