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一引言硇砂(Sal ammoniac)之名自魏晋以来直至清季,常见于诸种史籍与药书。硇音nao,《玉篇》作女交切;《集韵》为尼交切。其异体字有磠、铙、碙、硐等,又称“北庭砂”。自唐宋诸种“本草”流传至明李时珍编纂《本草纲目》,医家早熟知此物出于西域。此外,中外地质学界在对天山的探险调查和研究中,也多少注意了硇砂这种矿物。史学界对西域硇砂的研究较少,除劳费尔(B.Laufer)等人曾有过一些研究外~①,对硇砂进行了专题的深入考察的,主要是日本学者松田寿男。他在其名著《古代天山的历史地理学研究》一书中,对硇砂进行了认真的史料校勘和考证,并称硇砂之考在他的天山研究中,“时时成为重要的钥匙”~②。
I. INTRODUCTION The name Sal ammoniac is commonly found in various historical books and medical books since the Wei and Jin Dynasties until the Qing Dynasty.硇 sound nao, “Jade articles” as a girl to do; “Ji Yun” cut off for Nepal. Its variant characters are 磠, 铙, 碙, cave, etc., also known as “North Court sand.” Since the Tang and Song dynasties “Materia Medica ” spread to Ming Li Shizhen compilation of “Compendium of Materia Medica”, the doctor familiar with this thing out of the Western Regions. In addition, Chinese and foreign geology in the Tianshan exploration survey and research, but also pay more attention to the sand of the mineral. History of the study of the western area of the sand is less, in addition to Laoer Er (B.Laufer) who had some research outside ①, conducted a special study of the sand in-depth study, mainly Japanese scholars Matsuda Shou men. In his famous book, “Studies of Historical Geography in Ancient Tianshan Mountains,” he carried out a careful historical collation and textual research on Zisha. He also said that in his study of Tianshan, he “has become an important key from time to time. ”~ ②.