Higher plants utilize a variety of immune receptors to recognize pathogens and trigger defense responses.Intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are widely used for detecting pathogen effectors (Jones et al.,2016;Zhou and Zhang,2020).NLRs are also present in animals,including mammals,although they seem to have evolved separately through convergent evolution (Urbach and Ausubel,2017).Both plant and animal NLRs contain a central nucleotide-binding (NB) domain and a C-terminal leucine-rich repeats (LRR) region.The NB domain is required for oligomerization of the receptors to form higher order complexes,i.e.,resistosomes in higher plants and inflammasomes in mammals,for signaling.The highly variable LRR region is often involved in self-inhibition,protein-protein interactions,and effector recognition(Saur et al.,2020).