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英语名词最典型的语法特征是单复数,汉语名词最典型的语法特征则是与量词搭配,这些句法行为都是由名词的数量语义特征决定的。传统语言学中所说的名词“不可数”概念实际上包含着本质上很不相同的情况,有些名词是无论在什么情况下都是绝对不可数的,有些名词是借助于某种词语就变成可数的,有些名词是只能用数目“1”等少数数字来称数,还有一些则是只能用模糊量“一些、很多”等来称数。更重要的是,几乎所有的名词在特定的语境里都可以被识解为不可数的,此时就会丧失名词的数量语法特征。研究发现英汉不可数名词可以分为“构词上的不可数”、“现实上的不可数”以及“语法上的不可数”三个类型。研究成果对我国的外语教学与对外汉语教学及研究均有积极的启示作用。
The most typical grammatical features of English nouns are singular and plural. The most typical grammatical features of Chinese nouns are collocated with quantifiers, all of which are determined by the quantitative semantic features of nouns. The nouns “uncountable” in traditional linguistics actually contain essentially different situations. Some nouns are absolutely uncountable under any circumstances. Some nouns are based on certain words Some nouns can only be counted by a few numbers such as the number “1 ”, while others can only be called by the fuzzy quantity “some, many ” and so on. More importantly, almost all nouns can be interpreted as uncountable in a particular context, at which time they lose the quantitative grammatical features of nouns. The study finds that the uncountable nouns can be divided into three types: “uncountable”, “uncountable” and “uncountable”. The research results have a positive enlightenment on the teaching of foreign languages and teaching Chinese as a foreign language in our country.