1948年,费正清在他的《中国与美国》一书中问道:“美国人迫切想要得出答案的一个问题是,为什么中国的商人阶级,不能冲破对官场的依赖,以产生一种独立的创业力量呢?”中国近代商业史,就是带着这个问题开始的。1895年,《马关条约》允许日本人在通商口岸任意设厂,从那时开始,清政府也 In his book “China and the United States,” in 1948, Fei Zhengqing asked: “One issue Americans are eager to find out is that why the Chinese business class can not break the reliance on officialdom to produce a Kind of independent entrepreneurial power? ”" The history of modern Chinese commerce, is to start with this issue. In 1895, the Treaty of Shimonoseki allowed the Japanese to set up factories arbitrarily at the treaty ports. Since then, the Qing government has also