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一、 考纲解读
高考考纲对代词考点的要求是：
1． 了解代词的分类；
2． 掌握人称代词的格及其语法功能；
3． 掌握名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词的用法和区分；
4． 掌握反身代词的用法及其语法功能。
5． 掌握指示代词、不定代词和相互代词的用法，特别是不定代词的用法比较；
对代词部份的备考注意力应集中于不定代词，应重点学习不定代词的意义特征和语法特征。
二、 考点分析
一、 不定代词
考点1： 对both, either, neither, all, none, any, each, every的比较和选择
【备考清单】
对上述不定代词的考查可以从含义、数量关系、作定语时名词的数、作主语时动词的数5个角度加以区别，下面以表格形式列举出它们的区别，并作适当的讲解。
注意： ①none与neither后可加of短语，而no one后不能加of短语； none与neither表完全否定，而all, both, every与not连用时表示部份否定。关于部份否定, 注意下列句子的差别：
None of them likes sports. 他们都不喜欢运动。（全部否定）
Not all of them like sports.他们并不都喜欢运动。（部份否定）
Neither of them is Chinese.他们两人都不是中国人。（全部否定）
Not both of them are Chinese. 他们俩并不都是中国人。（部份否定）
注意部份否定还可以用下面方式表达，学生们容易将其误认为是全部否定。例如:
All of them don’t like sports. (= Not all of them like sports.)
Both of them are not Chinese. (= Not both of them are Chinese.)
② 表示两者中“任何一个”用either，表示三者或以上的“任何一个”用any。
③ each与every都有“每个”的意思，但each强调每一个人或事物的个别情况， every虽为“每个”之意，但更强调“全体”之意，在句中只能作定语用。例如：
She knows each student of the class. (她认识这个班的每一个学生。)
She knows every student of the class. (她认识这个班所有的学生。)
each后跟of短语做主语时，句子的谓语动词用单数。如：Each of us has an English dictionary. 而every只作形容词，只有与名词连用或构成复合代词时，才能做主语或宾语。例如： Everyone has an English dictionary.
④ None of the stories (可数名词复数) on the table are / is interesting.
None of the money (不可数名词) on the table is mine.
例1： (2006北京) —Which driver was to blame?
—Why,_______! It was the child’s fault, clear and simple. He suddenly came out between two parked cars.
A. both B. each C. either D. neither
解析：答案是D。句意：—哪位司机应负责？—呦，哪位也不应负责呀！这事再简单不过了，都是那个小孩的错，是他突然从两辆停放的汽车之间窜了出来。根据答语中It was the child’s fault ... 可知错不在司机，所以应使用不定代词neither表否定。
例2：（2006安徽）You may drop in or just give me a call._______ will do.
A. Either B. Each C. Neither D. All
解析： 答案为A。上句中提供的是两种选择，下句句意为“两种之中任一种”皆可，故应选either, each表示两者，但不能强调任意性，all只用于指多者。
例3： (2004天津) It is easy to do the repair._______ you need is a hammer and some nails.
A. Something B. All
C. Both D. Everything
解析： 答案为B。依语境可知做此事很简单，所需要的“所有”东西只不过是一把锤子和一些钉子，all you need相当于all the things that you need; both指两者都，every-thing意为“事事，凡事，一切东西。”
【即时巩固练习】
1． （2006四川） Of all the books on the shelf,_______ is of any use for our study.
A. nothing B. no one
C. neither D. none
2. (2006浙江) If you can’t decide which of the two books to borrow, why don’t you take_______? I won’t read them this week.
A. all B. any C. either D. both
3． (2005北京春) We asked John and Jerry, but_______ of them could offer a satisfactory explanation.
A. either B. none C. both D. neither
4. (2004上海) I had to buy_______ these books because I didn’t know which one was the best.
A. both B. none C. neither D. all
5. (2004吉林) That’s an unpleasant thing to say about your father after _______ he’s done for you.
A. something B. anything
C. all D. that
6． (2004北京) I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but_______ of them came.
A. neither B. either
C. none D. both
7. (2002春季) —You’re always working. Come on, let’s go shopping.
—_______you ever want to do is going shopping.
A. Anything B. Something
C. All D. That
考点2： 对the one, one, ones, it, that, those, these, this等的比较和选择
【备考清单】
以上这些词多用于作替代词，代替上文或下文中出现的人或事物。要准确区分它们，应从是特指还是泛指、是代替可数名词还是不可数名词及是指代同类同物还是同类异物等三个角度来进行。下面以表格形式对诸多用法做出总结。
注意：① this、these一般用来指时间或空间上较近的人或事物； that、those指在时间或空间上较远的人或事物。this、these指后面要讲到的事物； that、those常用来指前面提到的事物。
② it作代词时，可以表示时间、距离、自然现象等；还可以指动物或无生命的东西，代替上文中出现的名词；它也可以用作形式主语或形式宾语，以代替主语从句、宾语从句、动名词或不定式；它还可以用于强调句型及一些固定短语、固定句型中。
例4： （2007浙江） —He got his first book published. It turned out to be a bestseller.
—When was_______?
—_______was in 2000 when he was still in college.
A. that; This B. this; It
C. it; This D. that; It
解析： 答案为 D。本题考查代词的用法。that代替上文中的出版书并畅销一事。it代替指示代词that，选D。
例5： (2002全国) Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment,_______ I will always treasure.
A. that B. one C. it D. what
解析： 逗号后的部份是an unforgettable moment 的同位语，而an unforgettable moment为泛指的内涵，因而此处代词也应是表示泛指；that及it尽管可以指代上文中的内容，但表示的是特指，故答案为B。
例6： (2002春招) —He was nearly drowned once.
—When was_______?
was in 1998 when he was in the middle school.
A. that; It B. this; This
C. this; It D. that; This
解析： that代替上文内容，it代替时间。答案为A。
例7： (2005江苏) I’m moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than_______ in the city.
A. ones B. one C. that D. those
解析： 填空处词要替代的是不可数名词，故不能用A、B、D项，因为它们都只能代替可数名词，而that是既可代替不可数名词，又可代替可数名词的单数形式，故答案为C。
【即时巩固练习】
8. （2007全国卷Ⅰ） —Have you heard the latest news?
—No, what_______?
A. is it B. is there
C. are they D. are those
9. （2007陕西） —There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow_______?
—No, I’d rather buy_______in the bookstore.
A. it; one B. one; one
C. one; it D. it; it
10. （2007辽宁） The information on the Internet gets around much more rapidly than
in the newspaper.
A. it B. those C. one D. that
11. （2007安徽） In my opinion, life in the twenty-first century is much easier than_______.
A. that used to be B. it is used to
C. it was used to D. it used to be
12. （2007四川卷） Little joy can equal_______ of a surprising ending when you read stories.
A. that B. those C. any D. some
13. (2006江苏) My most famous relative of all,_______ who really left his mark on America, was Reb Sussel, my great grandfather.
A. one B. the one
C. he D. someone
14. (2000全国) —Why don’t we take a little break?
—Didn’t we just have_______?
A. it B. that C. one D. this
15． (2005天津) I prefer a flat in Inverness to_______ in Perth, because I want to live near my mom’s.
A. one B. that C. it D. this
16． (2005浙江) We’ve been looking at houses but haven’t found_______ we like yet.
A. one B. ones C. it D. them
17. (2005江西) Cars do cause us some health problems—in fact far more serious_______
than mobile phones do.
A. one B. ones C. it D. those
考点3： some, any, every及相应复合代词的辨析
【备考清单】
一般来说，some用于肯定句中，any用于否定句和疑问句中，但在表示请求或邀请的句子中，为了期望对方给予一个肯定的答复，通常要用some，而不用any；在条件状语从句和if引导的宾语从句中也只能用any；如: If you have any questions, please come and ask me. any也可以表示“任何”用于肯定句中。要注意: 在表示“任何的”的时候, any不可用于否定句。
(√) Nobody can do it. 或 No one can do it._______
(×) Anyone can’t do it.
some, any, every常和-one, -body，-thing等构成复合不定代词，其用法基本上与some, any, every用法相同。例如everything 与 not连用表示部份否定；又如everybody强调全体人员，而anybody表示“是否有人”。
anyone, everyone, someone等只指“人”，不指“事物”，其后不接of; any one, every one, some one既可以接“人”，也可以指“事物”，后可接of短语。
例8： (2003春招) —Your coffee smells great!
—It’s from Mexico. Would you like_______？
A. it B. some C. this D. little
解析： 答案为B。本题要充分考虑情景性，题中四个选项在语法上基本都是正确的，但用some更能体现出说话人邀请的诚意，因为用some含有一种期望对方给予一个肯定答复的意味，因此用some最佳；D项若改为a little 则也可接受！
例9： (2004湖南) Playing tricks on others is_______ we should never do.
A. anything B. something
C. everything D. nothing
解析： 答案为B。句意为“捉弄别人是我们决不该做的事情”。主句为肯定句，故可排除A项。C、D项不合句意。
【即时巩固练习】
18. （2007上海） The mayor has offered a reward of $ 5,000 to_______ who can capture the tiger alive or dead.
A. both B. others
C. anyone D. another
19. (2004浙江) We had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for_______.
A. none B. either C. any D. each
20． (2004江苏) I will never know what was on his mind at the time, nor will_______.
A. anyone B. anyone else
C. no one D. no one else
21． (2005重庆) —Victor certainly cares too much about himself.
—Yes. He’s never interested in what_______ is doing.
A. no one else B. anyone else
C. someone else D. nobody else
22． (2005湖北) First, it is important to recognize what kind of person you are and which special qualities make you different from_______.
A. everyone else B. the other
C. someone else D. the rest
23． (2005安徽) I don’t think we’ve met before. You’re taking me for_______.
A. some other B. someone else
C. other people D. one other
24. （2005福建） —Would you like_______, sir?
—No, thanks. I have had much.
A. some more arranges
B. any more oranges
C. some more orange
D. any more orange
考点4： nothing, none, nobody, no one的区别
【备考清单】
nothing指物，作主语时谓语用单数； none既可指人也可指物，作主语时谓语可用单数也可用复数； nobody及no one指人； nothing, no one及nobody后不能加of短语，但none后可加； none及no one只用于肯定句中；四者皆可用于简略回答，在一般情况下，nothing回答以what开头的问题， nobody和no one回答who, 而none回答how many / much。例如：
—What’s on the sports ground?
—Nothing.
—Who is in the reading-room?
—Nobody / No one.
—How many students are there in the classroom?
—None.
—How much milk is left?
—None.
例10： （2007福建） The book is of great value._______can be enjoyed unless you digest it.
A. Nothing B. Something
C. Everything D. Anything
解析： 答案为A。根据第一句可知这本书是很有价值的，所以能得出“只有在理解的前提下才能领悟其中的乐趣”。nothing与unless在同一句中，双重否定表示肯定，故答案选A。
例11： （2007江西） —What do you think of the performance today?
—Great!_______ but a musical genius could perform so successfully.
A. All B. None
C. Anybody D. Everybody
解析： 答案为B。none but“只有”。
【即时巩固练习】
25. （2007重庆） Jim sold most of his things. He has hardly_______left in the house.
A. anything B. everything
C. nothing D. something
26. (2004广东) She doesn’t know anyone here. She has got_______ to talk to.
A. anyone B. someone
C. everyone D. no one
27. (2004重庆) —One week’s time has been wasted.
—I can’t believe we did all that work for_______.
A. something B. nothing
C. everything D. anything
考点5： other, the other, others, the others, another的区别
【备考清单】
常见短语搭配及意义：
One ... the other ... 指一定范围内两人 (物) ，一个用one，另一个用the other。
One ... another ..., another ... 一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用one (another)，第三个可用the other，a third或another
Some .... others ..., others ... 泛指别的人或物时，用others；当在一定范围内，除去一部份后，剩余部份但不是全部时，也用others。
others = other people / things
the others = the rest剩余的全部，一定范围内，除去一部份人 / 物，剩余的全部用the others。
another + 数词 + 名词 = 数词 + other / more + 名词
例12： (2004辽宁) I have done much of the work. Could you please finish_______ in two days?
A. the rest B. the other
C. another D. the others
解析： 答案为A。the rest 既可指代可数名词，也可指代不可数名词；而work不可数；the others属复数概念，与work的不可数形式矛盾；the other与one对应时表示“一个……另一个”，作定语时则要修饰名词。
例13： (2005上海) No progress was made in the trade talk as neither side would accept the conditions of_______.
A. others B. the other
C. either D. another
解析： 答案为B。句中neither side暗示出有双方，the other指两者中的另一者，为特指，而D项为泛指，不合题意。
例14: (2006天津) We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun, so let’s have
one this month.
A. the other B. some
C. another D. other
解析： 答案是C。another: one more of the same kind, another与one连用符合句意要求；而the other则表示两个中的另一个。
【即时巩固练习】
28. （2007年安徽卷） The school’s music group will be giving a big show tomorrow night and two_______ on the weekend.
A. more B. other C. else D. another
29. (2005广东) I think he’s just going to deal with this problem_______ day.
A. next B. other
C. following D. another
30. (2004天津) I got the story from Tom and_______ people who had worked with him.
A. every other B. many others
C. some other D. other than
31. (2003上海) Shanghai is really a fascinating city and we’ve decided to stay for_______ two weeks.
A. another B. other
C. the other D. other’s
32. (2000全国春季) One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and_______.
A. the other is white
B. another white
C. the other white
D. another is white
考点5: 考查正确辨析和使用few, a few, little, a little, many, much, several等词语的能力
【备考清单】
few，a few，many，several修饰可数名词； little，a little，much修饰不可数名词。few和little有否定意义，表示“没有什么”， a few，a little有肯定意义，表示“有几个”，“有一些”，而several是三个以上的“几个”， 比a few 语气更强些。quite a few （little）很多，大量的； not a little 非常。
例15: (2004北京) There’s_______ cooking oil left in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get_______?
A. little; some B. little; any
C. a little; some D. a little; any
解析: 句意为“家里剩下的食用油不多了，你能不能去拐角处的商店买些来？”第一空表示否定意义“少”，应用little；第二句表示请求并希望得到对方肯定的回答，用some而不用any，答案为A。
【即时巩固练习】
33. (2006陕西) I used to earn_______ than a pound a week when I first started to work.
A. less B. a few C. fewer D. a little
34. (2006辽宁) I hear_______ boys in your school like playing football in their spare time, though others prefer basketball.
A. quite a lot B. quite a few
C. quite a bit D. quite a little
35. (2005全国Ⅲ) —Would you like some more tea?
—_______, please.
A. No more B. Just a little
C. I’ve had enough D. Yes, I would
二、 人称代词、物主代词、相互代词及疑问代词
考点6：人称代词的用法
例16： （2007湖南） To save class time, our teacher has_______ students do half of the exercise in class and complete the other half for our homework.
A. us B. we C. our D. ours
解析： 答案为A。students做代词us的同位语，且us在句中做has的宾语，所以应用代词的宾格形式。
【即时巩固练习】
36. (2006重庆) My grandma still treats me like a child. She can’t imagine_______ grown up.
A. my B. mine C. myself D. me
37. (2004重庆) I intended to compare notes with a friend, but unfortunately_______ couldn’t spare me even one minute.
A. they B. one C. who D. it
38. (2003北京) —Susan, go and join your sister cleaningthe yard.
—Why_______? John is sitting there doing nothing.
A. him B. he C. I D. me
考点7： 物主代词的用法
例17： (2004上海春招) Some of the stamps belong to me, while the rest are_______.
A. him and her B. his and hers
C. his and her D. him and hers
解析： 只有B项中两代词皆为名词性物主代词，the rest指the stamps为物，故表语要对应名词性物主代词，即答案为B。
【即时巩固练习】
39． (2001春招) If this dictionary is not yours,_______ can it be?
A. what else B. who else
C. which else’s D. who else’s
考点8： 反身代词的用法
【备考清单】
反身代词可作动词和介词的宾语, 还可用作同位语来表示强调。常用反身代词作宾语的动词有： enjoy, buy, wash, help, teach, seat, dress, find, express, hide等。反身代词还可以和一些动词构成词组，如：come to oneself, say to oneself, devote oneself to ...,throw oneself ..., tear oneself from ..., busy oneself with ..., make oneself known等。注意以下常见的习惯用语：
oneself——本人地，亲自地
The president himself came here.
of oneself——自然地，自动地
The door opened of itself.
for oneself——为自己
I don’t have anything to say for myself.
by oneself——单独地，独自地
I can do it all by myself.
in oneself——本身性质，本性
The material in itself is poisonous.
例18: (2006安徽) Catherine bought a postcard of the place she was visiting, addressed_______ to_______ and then posted it at the nearby post office.
A. it; her B. it; herself
C. herself; her D. herself; herself
解析： 答案是B。句意：Catherine买了一张有关她参观地方的明信片，在上面写上姓名地址。如：Address all the mails to Tom when I am away.第一空用it代指the postcard，第二空所寄对象是Catherine本人，用反身代词herself。
【即时巩固练习】
40. (2006福建) —Who called me this morning when I was out?
—A man calling_______ Robert.
A. him B. himself C. his D. 不填
41． (2005湖南) You will find as you read this book that you just can’t keep some of these stories to_______. You will want to share them with a friend.
A. itself B. yourself
C. himself D. themselves
考点9：疑问代词的用法
例20: (98全国) Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I can’t remember_______.
A. where B. there C. which D. that
解析： 句意为不记得是两地点(名词)中的哪一个，故只有which符合；where意为“在哪里”，是问地址或方位。
三、 谈it在高考试题中的应用
it是高考大纲要求掌握的代词之一。在历年高考题中，it是经常考查的项目。综合近几年来高考题分析，高考对it的考查主要集中于it用于强调结构及一些涉及到时间的句型，it作形式主语或宾语及用于指代人或事物这四个方面。下面结合高考题对it的用法作出分类和总结。
考点10：it用于指代人、事物及it用于习惯用法中
【备考清单】
1) it用于指代人或事物。
it作为无人称代词时可用于表示时间、距离、天气、自然现象，也可用于指代人或事物，其中用于指代人或事物是高考考查的热点。例如：
—What’s this？—It’s a book. ( it用于代替刚提到过的一件事，it在这种情况下，既可指一个具体的东西，也可指前面所谈到的事情或情况。)
—Who is knocking at the door？
—It’s me. (it用于指代性别或身份不明的人，相当于一个指示代词。)
例21： (2004上海) Bill’s aim to inform the viewers that cigarette advertising on TV is illegal,_______？
A． isn’t it B． is it
C． isn’t he D． is he
解析： 答案为A。句子主语为Bill’s aim，指事物而非人(Bill)，故反意疑问句中不能用he，而it指代Bill’s aim。
例22： (2000上海) Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see_______.
A． who is he B． who he is
C． who is it D． who it is
解析： 答案为D。依据see后加宾语从句可排除A及C项，因为宾语从句中应用陈述语序；依语境所谈到的那个人并不知道具体的身份或性别，故只能用it来代替。
【高考大练兵】
42． (2005全国Ⅱ) The doctor advised Versa strongly that she should take a holiday, but_______ didn’t help.
A． it B． she C． which D． he
43． (2000上海) The news that they failed their driving test discouraged him, _______？
A． did they B． didn’t they
C． did it D． didn’t it
2) it 常用于一些习惯用法中作某些动词的含糊宾语，构成习惯短语,很多时候并无实际意义。
这种用法在高中阶段的英语学习中屡见不鲜，需要注意。2006年全国卷I第26题中“If one can help it”的意思是“如果能不做……”。请看下面的例句：
I can’t help it if he doesn’t come.如果他不来我也没办法。（can’t help it意思是“控制不了，是没办法的事”）
The last train has gone. Come on, we’ll have to foot it. 最后一列火车已经开走了。快点吧，我们不得不走着去了。（foot it或walk it意思是“步行”）
The train is due to leave in five minutes. We will never make it.火车再过五分钟就开了,我们是绝对赶不上了。（make it表示“成功；做到；赶上”）
He never made it as an actor. ( make it办得到，做成功)
—When shall we meet again?
—Make it any day you like; it’s all the same to me．
—我们何时再见面？
—由你来定。我什么时间都可以。（此处make it表示“定下来”）
If no one can help, I’ll go it alone.如果没人能帮忙，我就自己干。（go it意思是“干，做”）
Bob studied hard till 10 P.M. and then decided to call it a day and went to bed.鲍勃一直学习到晚上10点钟，于是他决定到此为止，上床睡觉。（call it a day意思是“就干到这里为止”）
—Do member to take this medicine three times a day.
—Got it. ( You’ve / I’ve got it.懂了，明白了。)
—I still owe you for lunch yesterday.
—Forget it. ( forget it算了吧，别提它了；休想，不可能)
—Thanks for all your help.
—Don’t mention it. (Don’t mention it.不客气。)
Take it easy! Don’t panic. (Take it easy.别着急，慢慢来；放松，别过份劳累。)
—Will you go skiing with me this winter vacation?
—It all depends. (It / That (all) depends.那要看情况而定。)
It can’t be helped. (I can’t help it.) 没有办法。（这是不可避免的。）
It can be helped. (I can help it.) 有办法。（这是可以避免的。）
I don’t like to do the job, but it can’t be helped.
—When will you go to America for a visit?
—It’s hard to say. 这很难说。
The two sides had a heated discussion, but it came to nothing. (没有什么结果。)
That’s it.对了。
It’s the same with sb.某人的情况也是一样。
Get with it ! 振作精神！
Keep at it! 坚持下去！
as it is / was “事实上，既然如此依现在的情况”，通常用于句前。
“照原样”，通常用于句末，如：
As it is, we can hardly get to the station by six o’clock.
Leave the chair as it is.
It is up to sb. to do sth.由某人决定做某事。
You must see to it that the door is locked. (see to it that ...注意；留神；负责)
believe it or not“信不信由你”，“我说的是真的”，在句中作插入语。例如：
Believe it or not, I came across her in the street yesterday.
like it or not “不管你喜欢不喜欢”，在句中作插入语。例如：
You must tell me the truth, like it or not.
As Chris put it, there is no gain without pain. 正如Chris所说，“不劳则无获。”
Don’t hesitate about it! It’s worth it. (worth it在口语中，相当于useful, 表示“有好处，值得做”)
As it happened, they were out. (在口语中，相当于It’s a pity that ..., 表示“真不凑巧，真遗憾”)
As it turned out (最后被证明是), his statement was false.
其它短语：run for it设法逃脱；keep at it坚持，别懈气；take it easy别着急；That’s it!这就对了，就这样。take it for granted认为……理所当然
例23： （2006全国） If I can help_______,
I don’t like working late into the night.
A. so_______ B. that_______ C. it_______D. them
解析： 答案为C。 此题意为：如果我能应付得了的话，我可不喜欢熬夜。it在这里无所指，它可用于一些动词之后，表是特定的意思。又如：Can I help it if it rains？天下雨我能阻止吗？
【高考大练兵】
44. （2004天津） —How often do you eat out?
—_______, but usually once a week.
A. Have no idea B. It depends
C. As usual D. Generally speaking
45. （2004江苏） —How long are you staying?
—I don’t know._______.
A. That’s OK B. Never mind
C. It depends D. It doesn’t matter
考点11： it用于强调结构中
【备考清单】
it可用于强调结构中，用以改变一个句子的结构，对句中的某些成份(不包括定语或谓语)加以强调。强调句型的基本模式是It is / was＋被强调部份＋that / who ＋其它成份。强调人时可用who及that作连接词，强调事物及状语时只能用that作连接词。强调句子的一般疑问句只需把is / was提前，而特殊疑问句还需在一般疑问句前加上疑问词。有时还可以用It might be ...that ...，It must have been ... that ... 的句型来表示强调。强调句型的最重要特征是：①表示强调；②去掉It is / was ... that / who ... 后句子结构依然完整。注意高考对强调结构的考查十分频繁，考查的方面主要集中于that与who的选择，强调从句及在一般疑问句、特殊疑问句中的应用。例如：
It is I who am right. (强调主语，不能用me，只能用I。)
It was him that we met yesterday. (强调宾语)
It was because of his illness that he didn’t go to school. (强调状语)
It was not until then that I realized my mistake. (强调状语)
Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out？
When was it that you called me yesterday？
It must have been his brother that you saw.你看到的一定是他的兄弟。
例24： (2004上海) Why！I have nothing to confess._______ you want me to say？
A． What is it that B． What it is that
C． How is it that D． How it is that
解析： 答案为A。依据句末问号可排除B、D两项，因为它们使用的是陈述句语序；依say为及物动词可排除C，因为只有what可作say的宾语；A项是在特殊疑问句中强调结构的用法，what正是强调的内容。
例25： (1998全国) It was only when I reread his poems recently_______ I began to appreciate their beauty.
A． until B． that C． then D． so
解析： 答案为B。句中only when I reread his poems recently这一时间状语从句正是强调的内容。
【高考大练兵】
46． (2004广东) I have always been honest and straightforward, and it doesn’t matter_______ I’m talking to.
A． who is it B． who it is
C． it is who D． it is whom
47． (2004上海春招) It was only with the help of the local guide_______．
A． was the mountain climber rescued
B． that the mountain climber was rescued
C． when the mountain climber was rescued
D． then the mountain climber was rescued
考点12： it用作形式主语或形式宾语
【备考清单】
1) it用作形式主语
it可以用作形式主语，用以代替不定式、动名词或从句，使真正的主语放在句子的后部，免得句子显得头重脚轻。常见的句型有：
① It ＋ be ＋ 形容词(obvious, true, nat-ural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, pos-sible, likely, certain, probable, etc.) ＋ that从句。例如：
It is certain that she will do well in her exam.
It is probable that he told her everything.
It is strange that he should have failed in this exam. 真奇怪，他这次考试竟不及格。
② It ＋ be ＋ 名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise)＋that从句。例如：
It’s a pity that we can’t go.
It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game.
③ It ＋ be ＋ 过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arran-ged, etc.) ＋ that从句。例如：
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing.
It is decided that the meeting has been put off till next Monday.
It is well-known that she is a learned woman.
It is suggested that the meeting should be put off.
④其他含it的常见句型It takes sb. ... to do sth. 该句型中it是形式主语，不定式是真正的主语，常译为“做……要花费某人……”。
It took me a whole day to complete the article.
It is (just) like sb. to do sth. 意为：“某人(恰恰)就是这个样子”, 肯定句用来表示“赞成或不满”，否定句则表示怀疑。
It is just like her to think of others before thinking of herself.
It occurred to me that I had met him in Beijing last month. 我突然想到……
It happened that he was out when I got there.
＝ He happened to be out when I got there.当我到那儿时，碰巧他不在。
It’s likely that he was already informed of the truth. 有可能……
It seemed that he had seen the film several times. 看起来……
It’s no use / no good doing sth. 做某事无用。
例26： （2007全国卷Ⅱ）_______ felt funny watching myself on TV.
A. One B. This C. It D. That
解析： 答案为C。考查形式主语。用it代替后面动名词短语watching myself on TV。
【高考大练兵】
48. （2007山东）_______ worried me is the way he keeps changing his mind.
A. This B. That C. What D. It
49. (2006浙江)_______ is our belief that improvement in health care will leadto a stranger, more prosperous economy.
A. As B. That C. This D. It
50. （2005上海）_______in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account.
A. What is requiredB. What requires
C. It is required D. It requires
51. （2005湖北） He hasn’t slept at all for three days._______ he is tired out.
A． There is no point B． There is no need
C． It is no wonderD． It is no way
52. （2004北京） The Foreign Minister said, “_______our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.”
A. This is B. There is
C. That is D. It is
2) it用作形式宾语
it用作形式宾语，也可用于替代不定式、动名词或从句。它用于think, make, find, believe, feel, consider等后作宾语，其跟复合宾语(宾语补足语)，也可用于like, love, enjoy, hate, dislike, appreciate等表示“喜好”的动词后面，以替代真正的宾语从句。例如：
We think it necessary that you will help him.
I felt it my duty to help the poor.
They thought it no use trying to persuade him.
Let’s make it a rule that anyone who leaves the room last should turn off the lights.
I love it when you sing. (我喜欢听你唱歌。)
I hate it when she speaks of me. (我讨厌她说我。)
it用在某些需要接但又不能直接接宾语从句的动词或短语之后作形式宾语，然后接that引导的宾语从句。常见的短语和动词有：take(认为，猜想), count on, depend on, rely on, look forward to, see to（负责, 注意）等等。此类用法到目前为止还未在高考试卷上出现过，现在通过几个例句体会一下：
I take it that he is not fond of reading this novel.我想他不喜欢读这本小说。
I’ll see to it that everything is ready. 我将负责把一切都准备好。
They are looking forward to it that Miss Li will come back from the USA.他们盼望着李小姐从美国回来。
You may rely on it that she won’t be late.你也许指望她不会迟到。
例26： （2006山东） I’dappreciate
if you would like to teach me the computer.
A. that B. it C. this D. you
解析： 答案为B。表示喜欢爱恨等方面的动词如love，like，appreciate，hate，dislike等后往往可加上it做形式上的宾语，再加上从句作真正的宾语。
【高考大练兵】
53. (2006湖南) As the busiest woman in Norton, she made_______her duty to look after all the other people’s affairs in that town.
A. this B. that C. one D. it
54． (2005全国Ⅰ) The chairman thought
necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting.
A． that B． it C． this D． him
55． (2004吉林) —Do you like_______here？
—Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice.
A． this B． these C． that D． it
56． (2004全国) I like_______ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.
A． this B． that C． it D． one
3) it作形式主语、as引导的定语从句及there be结构的区别
As is know to all, Edison invented the telephone. (as引导非限制性定语从句，代替后面主句的整个内容，as在从句中做成份。）
It is known to all that Edison invented the telephone. (it为形式主语，代替that引导的主语从句，that不在从句中做成份，注意此时句中不能有逗号。)
It’s our hope that Taiwan will return to the mainland one day. (it为形式主语，代替that引导的主语从句，用于说明我们的希望是什么。)
There is not much hope that they are still alive. (that引导的是同位语从句，用以说明hope的具体内容，强调的是客观上有无希望。)
例27： (1994上海)_______ is known to all, China will be an_______ powerful country in 20 or 30 years’ time.
A． That; advancing B． This; advanced
C． As; advanced D． It; advancing
解析： 答案为C。句中逗号表明前后句间为逻辑上的主从关系，即as引导非限制性定语代替后面整句话的内容；若用it则句中应去掉逗号再加上连结词that，此时it为形式主语。
【高考大练兵】
57． (1999上海)_______ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior school is increasing.
A． Which B． As C． That D． It
考点13：it用于指时间的一些句型中
【备考清单】
句型1： It’s (about / high) time that ... 是该……的时候了。
这个句型属于虚拟语气结构，不管主句用的是is或was，that从句都需用动词的过去式或should + 动词原形，在time之前有时可加上high或about等以加强语气。例如：
It is high time that we left for the station. 我们该动身向车站走了。
It is time that he should get up. =It is time that he got up.他该起床了。
It’s about / high time that we went to bed / we should go to bed.
句型2： It is / was / will be the first time that ...是某人第一次做某事。
此句型的主语可用it，也可用this, that等，其中序数词可以变化，该结构中that从句中要使用完成时态。当主句的谓语动词用 is时，从句谓语动词用现在完成时；当主句的谓语动词用was 时，从句谓语动词用过去完成时；当主句的谓语动词用will be 时，从句谓语动词用一般现在时（表示将来）。
It / This is the second time (that) she has rung you today.
It was the third time that I had visited the museum last year.
句型3： It is / was / will be ＋ 段时间 ＋ before ... 过了多久才……(强调时间长) It is not / wasn’t / won’t ＋ 段时间 ＋ before ... 没多久就……(强调时间的短)
这个句型中的时间一般为表示一段时间的词语，如long, years, months, weeks, days, hours, minutes。主句中的谓语动词用肯定式，表示“过了多久或要过多久……才（就）……”。主句的谓语动词是否定式时，意为“没过多长时间就……”。主句的时态可用过去时was或将来will be；用was时，before从句用一般过去时；用will be时，before从句常用一般现在时表示将来。例如：
It was a long time before he came back. 过了很长时间他才回来。
It will be two months before we meet again.要过两个月，我们才能见面。
It was not long before she learned those poems by heart. 没过多久她就背会了那些诗歌。
It will not be hours before we meet again. 要不了几个小时我们还会再见面的。
句型4： It was / will be ＋ 某一时间点＋ when ... (when引导定语从句)
在这个句型中，it指时间，而且表示时间的词语前没有介词（一般为具体时间）。主句中的谓语动词和从句中的谓语动词在时态上一般是一致的，如果主句是will be时，从句用一般现在时表示将来。
It was 7 o’clock when I got up this morning. (我今天早晨起床时已是7点了。)
It will be evening when we get there. (我们到达时，将是傍晚。)
句型5： It is ＋ 时间 ＋ since ... 自从……以来有……多久了
注意： 当since从句中的谓语动词为持续性动词时，要从这个动作的终点算起来计算时间。
It’s years since I came here. (我来这儿已有好几年了。)
It’s years since I lived here. (我搬离此处已有好多年了。)
It is four years since I smoked. (我戒烟已有四年了。)
It is years since I was a teacher. (我不当老师好几年了。)
It is years since I have been a teacher. (我已经当老师好多年了。)
试比较下列三个句子的区别：
It was 600 years before the clock with hands was made. 过了600年带指针的钟表才制造出来。
It was 600 years ago that the clock with hands was made. 带指针的钟表是600年前就制造出来的。
It is 600 years since the clock with hands was made. 带指针的钟表制造出来已有600年了。
【高考大练兵】
58. (2006福建) —How long do you think it will be_______ China sends a manned spaceship to the moon?
—Perhaps two or three years.
A. when B. until C. that D. before
59. (2005山东) It was some time_______ we realized the truth.
A. when B. until C. since D. before
60. （2005北京春季） It is almost five years_______ we saw each other last time.
A. before B. since C. after D. when
61. （2004福建） Scientists say it may be five or six years_______ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.
A． since B． after C． before D． when
【即时巩固练习答案】
1. D2. D3. D4. D5. C6. A7. C8. A9. A10. D11. D12. A13. B14. C15. A16. A17. B18. C19. C20. B21. B22. A23. B24. C25. A26. D27. B28. A29. D30. C31. A32. C33. A34. B35. B36. D37. A38. D39. D40. B41. B42. A43. D44. B45. C46. B47. B48. C49. D50. C51. C52. D53. D54. B55. D56. C57. A58. D59. D60. B61. C
高考考纲对代词考点的要求是：
1． 了解代词的分类；
2． 掌握人称代词的格及其语法功能；
3． 掌握名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词的用法和区分；
4． 掌握反身代词的用法及其语法功能。
5． 掌握指示代词、不定代词和相互代词的用法，特别是不定代词的用法比较；
对代词部份的备考注意力应集中于不定代词，应重点学习不定代词的意义特征和语法特征。
二、 考点分析
一、 不定代词
考点1： 对both, either, neither, all, none, any, each, every的比较和选择
【备考清单】
对上述不定代词的考查可以从含义、数量关系、作定语时名词的数、作主语时动词的数5个角度加以区别，下面以表格形式列举出它们的区别，并作适当的讲解。
注意： ①none与neither后可加of短语，而no one后不能加of短语； none与neither表完全否定，而all, both, every与not连用时表示部份否定。关于部份否定, 注意下列句子的差别：
None of them likes sports. 他们都不喜欢运动。（全部否定）
Not all of them like sports.他们并不都喜欢运动。（部份否定）
Neither of them is Chinese.他们两人都不是中国人。（全部否定）
Not both of them are Chinese. 他们俩并不都是中国人。（部份否定）
注意部份否定还可以用下面方式表达，学生们容易将其误认为是全部否定。例如:
All of them don’t like sports. (= Not all of them like sports.)
Both of them are not Chinese. (= Not both of them are Chinese.)
② 表示两者中“任何一个”用either，表示三者或以上的“任何一个”用any。
③ each与every都有“每个”的意思，但each强调每一个人或事物的个别情况， every虽为“每个”之意，但更强调“全体”之意，在句中只能作定语用。例如：
She knows each student of the class. (她认识这个班的每一个学生。)
She knows every student of the class. (她认识这个班所有的学生。)
each后跟of短语做主语时，句子的谓语动词用单数。如：Each of us has an English dictionary. 而every只作形容词，只有与名词连用或构成复合代词时，才能做主语或宾语。例如： Everyone has an English dictionary.
④ None of the stories (可数名词复数) on the table are / is interesting.
None of the money (不可数名词) on the table is mine.
例1： (2006北京) —Which driver was to blame?
—Why,_______! It was the child’s fault, clear and simple. He suddenly came out between two parked cars.
A. both B. each C. either D. neither
解析：答案是D。句意：—哪位司机应负责？—呦，哪位也不应负责呀！这事再简单不过了，都是那个小孩的错，是他突然从两辆停放的汽车之间窜了出来。根据答语中It was the child’s fault ... 可知错不在司机，所以应使用不定代词neither表否定。
例2：（2006安徽）You may drop in or just give me a call._______ will do.
A. Either B. Each C. Neither D. All
解析： 答案为A。上句中提供的是两种选择，下句句意为“两种之中任一种”皆可，故应选either, each表示两者，但不能强调任意性，all只用于指多者。
例3： (2004天津) It is easy to do the repair._______ you need is a hammer and some nails.
A. Something B. All
C. Both D. Everything
解析： 答案为B。依语境可知做此事很简单，所需要的“所有”东西只不过是一把锤子和一些钉子，all you need相当于all the things that you need; both指两者都，every-thing意为“事事，凡事，一切东西。”
【即时巩固练习】
1． （2006四川） Of all the books on the shelf,_______ is of any use for our study.
A. nothing B. no one
C. neither D. none
2. (2006浙江) If you can’t decide which of the two books to borrow, why don’t you take_______? I won’t read them this week.
A. all B. any C. either D. both
3． (2005北京春) We asked John and Jerry, but_______ of them could offer a satisfactory explanation.
A. either B. none C. both D. neither
4. (2004上海) I had to buy_______ these books because I didn’t know which one was the best.
A. both B. none C. neither D. all
5. (2004吉林) That’s an unpleasant thing to say about your father after _______ he’s done for you.
A. something B. anything
C. all D. that
6． (2004北京) I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but_______ of them came.
A. neither B. either
C. none D. both
7. (2002春季) —You’re always working. Come on, let’s go shopping.
—_______you ever want to do is going shopping.
A. Anything B. Something
C. All D. That
考点2： 对the one, one, ones, it, that, those, these, this等的比较和选择
【备考清单】
以上这些词多用于作替代词，代替上文或下文中出现的人或事物。要准确区分它们，应从是特指还是泛指、是代替可数名词还是不可数名词及是指代同类同物还是同类异物等三个角度来进行。下面以表格形式对诸多用法做出总结。
注意：① this、these一般用来指时间或空间上较近的人或事物； that、those指在时间或空间上较远的人或事物。this、these指后面要讲到的事物； that、those常用来指前面提到的事物。
② it作代词时，可以表示时间、距离、自然现象等；还可以指动物或无生命的东西，代替上文中出现的名词；它也可以用作形式主语或形式宾语，以代替主语从句、宾语从句、动名词或不定式；它还可以用于强调句型及一些固定短语、固定句型中。
例4： （2007浙江） —He got his first book published. It turned out to be a bestseller.
—When was_______?
—_______was in 2000 when he was still in college.
A. that; This B. this; It
C. it; This D. that; It
解析： 答案为 D。本题考查代词的用法。that代替上文中的出版书并畅销一事。it代替指示代词that，选D。
例5： (2002全国) Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment,_______ I will always treasure.
A. that B. one C. it D. what
解析： 逗号后的部份是an unforgettable moment 的同位语，而an unforgettable moment为泛指的内涵，因而此处代词也应是表示泛指；that及it尽管可以指代上文中的内容，但表示的是特指，故答案为B。
例6： (2002春招) —He was nearly drowned once.
—When was_______?
was in 1998 when he was in the middle school.
A. that; It B. this; This
C. this; It D. that; This
解析： that代替上文内容，it代替时间。答案为A。
例7： (2005江苏) I’m moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than_______ in the city.
A. ones B. one C. that D. those
解析： 填空处词要替代的是不可数名词，故不能用A、B、D项，因为它们都只能代替可数名词，而that是既可代替不可数名词，又可代替可数名词的单数形式，故答案为C。
【即时巩固练习】
8. （2007全国卷Ⅰ） —Have you heard the latest news?
—No, what_______?
A. is it B. is there
C. are they D. are those
9. （2007陕西） —There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow_______?
—No, I’d rather buy_______in the bookstore.
A. it; one B. one; one
C. one; it D. it; it
10. （2007辽宁） The information on the Internet gets around much more rapidly than
in the newspaper.
A. it B. those C. one D. that
11. （2007安徽） In my opinion, life in the twenty-first century is much easier than_______.
A. that used to be B. it is used to
C. it was used to D. it used to be
12. （2007四川卷） Little joy can equal_______ of a surprising ending when you read stories.
A. that B. those C. any D. some
13. (2006江苏) My most famous relative of all,_______ who really left his mark on America, was Reb Sussel, my great grandfather.
A. one B. the one
C. he D. someone
14. (2000全国) —Why don’t we take a little break?
—Didn’t we just have_______?
A. it B. that C. one D. this
15． (2005天津) I prefer a flat in Inverness to_______ in Perth, because I want to live near my mom’s.
A. one B. that C. it D. this
16． (2005浙江) We’ve been looking at houses but haven’t found_______ we like yet.
A. one B. ones C. it D. them
17. (2005江西) Cars do cause us some health problems—in fact far more serious_______
than mobile phones do.
A. one B. ones C. it D. those
考点3： some, any, every及相应复合代词的辨析
【备考清单】
一般来说，some用于肯定句中，any用于否定句和疑问句中，但在表示请求或邀请的句子中，为了期望对方给予一个肯定的答复，通常要用some，而不用any；在条件状语从句和if引导的宾语从句中也只能用any；如: If you have any questions, please come and ask me. any也可以表示“任何”用于肯定句中。要注意: 在表示“任何的”的时候, any不可用于否定句。
(√) Nobody can do it. 或 No one can do it._______
(×) Anyone can’t do it.
some, any, every常和-one, -body，-thing等构成复合不定代词，其用法基本上与some, any, every用法相同。例如everything 与 not连用表示部份否定；又如everybody强调全体人员，而anybody表示“是否有人”。
anyone, everyone, someone等只指“人”，不指“事物”，其后不接of; any one, every one, some one既可以接“人”，也可以指“事物”，后可接of短语。
例8： (2003春招) —Your coffee smells great!
—It’s from Mexico. Would you like_______？
A. it B. some C. this D. little
解析： 答案为B。本题要充分考虑情景性，题中四个选项在语法上基本都是正确的，但用some更能体现出说话人邀请的诚意，因为用some含有一种期望对方给予一个肯定答复的意味，因此用some最佳；D项若改为a little 则也可接受！
例9： (2004湖南) Playing tricks on others is_______ we should never do.
A. anything B. something
C. everything D. nothing
解析： 答案为B。句意为“捉弄别人是我们决不该做的事情”。主句为肯定句，故可排除A项。C、D项不合句意。
【即时巩固练习】
18. （2007上海） The mayor has offered a reward of $ 5,000 to_______ who can capture the tiger alive or dead.
A. both B. others
C. anyone D. another
19. (2004浙江) We had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for_______.
A. none B. either C. any D. each
20． (2004江苏) I will never know what was on his mind at the time, nor will_______.
A. anyone B. anyone else
C. no one D. no one else
21． (2005重庆) —Victor certainly cares too much about himself.
—Yes. He’s never interested in what_______ is doing.
A. no one else B. anyone else
C. someone else D. nobody else
22． (2005湖北) First, it is important to recognize what kind of person you are and which special qualities make you different from_______.
A. everyone else B. the other
C. someone else D. the rest
23． (2005安徽) I don’t think we’ve met before. You’re taking me for_______.
A. some other B. someone else
C. other people D. one other
24. （2005福建） —Would you like_______, sir?
—No, thanks. I have had much.
A. some more arranges
B. any more oranges
C. some more orange
D. any more orange
考点4： nothing, none, nobody, no one的区别
【备考清单】
nothing指物，作主语时谓语用单数； none既可指人也可指物，作主语时谓语可用单数也可用复数； nobody及no one指人； nothing, no one及nobody后不能加of短语，但none后可加； none及no one只用于肯定句中；四者皆可用于简略回答，在一般情况下，nothing回答以what开头的问题， nobody和no one回答who, 而none回答how many / much。例如：
—What’s on the sports ground?
—Nothing.
—Who is in the reading-room?
—Nobody / No one.
—How many students are there in the classroom?
—None.
—How much milk is left?
—None.
例10： （2007福建） The book is of great value._______can be enjoyed unless you digest it.
A. Nothing B. Something
C. Everything D. Anything
解析： 答案为A。根据第一句可知这本书是很有价值的，所以能得出“只有在理解的前提下才能领悟其中的乐趣”。nothing与unless在同一句中，双重否定表示肯定，故答案选A。
例11： （2007江西） —What do you think of the performance today?
—Great!_______ but a musical genius could perform so successfully.
A. All B. None
C. Anybody D. Everybody
解析： 答案为B。none but“只有”。
【即时巩固练习】
25. （2007重庆） Jim sold most of his things. He has hardly_______left in the house.
A. anything B. everything
C. nothing D. something
26. (2004广东) She doesn’t know anyone here. She has got_______ to talk to.
A. anyone B. someone
C. everyone D. no one
27. (2004重庆) —One week’s time has been wasted.
—I can’t believe we did all that work for_______.
A. something B. nothing
C. everything D. anything
考点5： other, the other, others, the others, another的区别
【备考清单】
常见短语搭配及意义：
One ... the other ... 指一定范围内两人 (物) ，一个用one，另一个用the other。
One ... another ..., another ... 一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用one (another)，第三个可用the other，a third或another
Some .... others ..., others ... 泛指别的人或物时，用others；当在一定范围内，除去一部份后，剩余部份但不是全部时，也用others。
others = other people / things
the others = the rest剩余的全部，一定范围内，除去一部份人 / 物，剩余的全部用the others。
another + 数词 + 名词 = 数词 + other / more + 名词
例12： (2004辽宁) I have done much of the work. Could you please finish_______ in two days?
A. the rest B. the other
C. another D. the others
解析： 答案为A。the rest 既可指代可数名词，也可指代不可数名词；而work不可数；the others属复数概念，与work的不可数形式矛盾；the other与one对应时表示“一个……另一个”，作定语时则要修饰名词。
例13： (2005上海) No progress was made in the trade talk as neither side would accept the conditions of_______.
A. others B. the other
C. either D. another
解析： 答案为B。句中neither side暗示出有双方，the other指两者中的另一者，为特指，而D项为泛指，不合题意。
例14: (2006天津) We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun, so let’s have
one this month.
A. the other B. some
C. another D. other
解析： 答案是C。another: one more of the same kind, another与one连用符合句意要求；而the other则表示两个中的另一个。
【即时巩固练习】
28. （2007年安徽卷） The school’s music group will be giving a big show tomorrow night and two_______ on the weekend.
A. more B. other C. else D. another
29. (2005广东) I think he’s just going to deal with this problem_______ day.
A. next B. other
C. following D. another
30. (2004天津) I got the story from Tom and_______ people who had worked with him.
A. every other B. many others
C. some other D. other than
31. (2003上海) Shanghai is really a fascinating city and we’ve decided to stay for_______ two weeks.
A. another B. other
C. the other D. other’s
32. (2000全国春季) One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and_______.
A. the other is white
B. another white
C. the other white
D. another is white
考点5: 考查正确辨析和使用few, a few, little, a little, many, much, several等词语的能力
【备考清单】
few，a few，many，several修饰可数名词； little，a little，much修饰不可数名词。few和little有否定意义，表示“没有什么”， a few，a little有肯定意义，表示“有几个”，“有一些”，而several是三个以上的“几个”， 比a few 语气更强些。quite a few （little）很多，大量的； not a little 非常。
例15: (2004北京) There’s_______ cooking oil left in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get_______?
A. little; some B. little; any
C. a little; some D. a little; any
解析: 句意为“家里剩下的食用油不多了，你能不能去拐角处的商店买些来？”第一空表示否定意义“少”，应用little；第二句表示请求并希望得到对方肯定的回答，用some而不用any，答案为A。
【即时巩固练习】
33. (2006陕西) I used to earn_______ than a pound a week when I first started to work.
A. less B. a few C. fewer D. a little
34. (2006辽宁) I hear_______ boys in your school like playing football in their spare time, though others prefer basketball.
A. quite a lot B. quite a few
C. quite a bit D. quite a little
35. (2005全国Ⅲ) —Would you like some more tea?
—_______, please.
A. No more B. Just a little
C. I’ve had enough D. Yes, I would
二、 人称代词、物主代词、相互代词及疑问代词
考点6：人称代词的用法
例16： （2007湖南） To save class time, our teacher has_______ students do half of the exercise in class and complete the other half for our homework.
A. us B. we C. our D. ours
解析： 答案为A。students做代词us的同位语，且us在句中做has的宾语，所以应用代词的宾格形式。
【即时巩固练习】
36. (2006重庆) My grandma still treats me like a child. She can’t imagine_______ grown up.
A. my B. mine C. myself D. me
37. (2004重庆) I intended to compare notes with a friend, but unfortunately_______ couldn’t spare me even one minute.
A. they B. one C. who D. it
38. (2003北京) —Susan, go and join your sister cleaningthe yard.
—Why_______? John is sitting there doing nothing.
A. him B. he C. I D. me
考点7： 物主代词的用法
例17： (2004上海春招) Some of the stamps belong to me, while the rest are_______.
A. him and her B. his and hers
C. his and her D. him and hers
解析： 只有B项中两代词皆为名词性物主代词，the rest指the stamps为物，故表语要对应名词性物主代词，即答案为B。
【即时巩固练习】
39． (2001春招) If this dictionary is not yours,_______ can it be?
A. what else B. who else
C. which else’s D. who else’s
考点8： 反身代词的用法
【备考清单】
反身代词可作动词和介词的宾语, 还可用作同位语来表示强调。常用反身代词作宾语的动词有： enjoy, buy, wash, help, teach, seat, dress, find, express, hide等。反身代词还可以和一些动词构成词组，如：come to oneself, say to oneself, devote oneself to ...,throw oneself ..., tear oneself from ..., busy oneself with ..., make oneself known等。注意以下常见的习惯用语：
oneself——本人地，亲自地
The president himself came here.
of oneself——自然地，自动地
The door opened of itself.
for oneself——为自己
I don’t have anything to say for myself.
by oneself——单独地，独自地
I can do it all by myself.
in oneself——本身性质，本性
The material in itself is poisonous.
例18: (2006安徽) Catherine bought a postcard of the place she was visiting, addressed_______ to_______ and then posted it at the nearby post office.
A. it; her B. it; herself
C. herself; her D. herself; herself
解析： 答案是B。句意：Catherine买了一张有关她参观地方的明信片，在上面写上姓名地址。如：Address all the mails to Tom when I am away.第一空用it代指the postcard，第二空所寄对象是Catherine本人，用反身代词herself。
【即时巩固练习】
40. (2006福建) —Who called me this morning when I was out?
—A man calling_______ Robert.
A. him B. himself C. his D. 不填
41． (2005湖南) You will find as you read this book that you just can’t keep some of these stories to_______. You will want to share them with a friend.
A. itself B. yourself
C. himself D. themselves
考点9：疑问代词的用法
例20: (98全国) Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I can’t remember_______.
A. where B. there C. which D. that
解析： 句意为不记得是两地点(名词)中的哪一个，故只有which符合；where意为“在哪里”，是问地址或方位。
三、 谈it在高考试题中的应用
it是高考大纲要求掌握的代词之一。在历年高考题中，it是经常考查的项目。综合近几年来高考题分析，高考对it的考查主要集中于it用于强调结构及一些涉及到时间的句型，it作形式主语或宾语及用于指代人或事物这四个方面。下面结合高考题对it的用法作出分类和总结。
考点10：it用于指代人、事物及it用于习惯用法中
【备考清单】
1) it用于指代人或事物。
it作为无人称代词时可用于表示时间、距离、天气、自然现象，也可用于指代人或事物，其中用于指代人或事物是高考考查的热点。例如：
—What’s this？—It’s a book. ( it用于代替刚提到过的一件事，it在这种情况下，既可指一个具体的东西，也可指前面所谈到的事情或情况。)
—Who is knocking at the door？
—It’s me. (it用于指代性别或身份不明的人，相当于一个指示代词。)
例21： (2004上海) Bill’s aim to inform the viewers that cigarette advertising on TV is illegal,_______？
A． isn’t it B． is it
C． isn’t he D． is he
解析： 答案为A。句子主语为Bill’s aim，指事物而非人(Bill)，故反意疑问句中不能用he，而it指代Bill’s aim。
例22： (2000上海) Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see_______.
A． who is he B． who he is
C． who is it D． who it is
解析： 答案为D。依据see后加宾语从句可排除A及C项，因为宾语从句中应用陈述语序；依语境所谈到的那个人并不知道具体的身份或性别，故只能用it来代替。
【高考大练兵】
42． (2005全国Ⅱ) The doctor advised Versa strongly that she should take a holiday, but_______ didn’t help.
A． it B． she C． which D． he
43． (2000上海) The news that they failed their driving test discouraged him, _______？
A． did they B． didn’t they
C． did it D． didn’t it
2) it 常用于一些习惯用法中作某些动词的含糊宾语，构成习惯短语,很多时候并无实际意义。
这种用法在高中阶段的英语学习中屡见不鲜，需要注意。2006年全国卷I第26题中“If one can help it”的意思是“如果能不做……”。请看下面的例句：
I can’t help it if he doesn’t come.如果他不来我也没办法。（can’t help it意思是“控制不了，是没办法的事”）
The last train has gone. Come on, we’ll have to foot it. 最后一列火车已经开走了。快点吧，我们不得不走着去了。（foot it或walk it意思是“步行”）
The train is due to leave in five minutes. We will never make it.火车再过五分钟就开了,我们是绝对赶不上了。（make it表示“成功；做到；赶上”）
He never made it as an actor. ( make it办得到，做成功)
—When shall we meet again?
—Make it any day you like; it’s all the same to me．
—我们何时再见面？
—由你来定。我什么时间都可以。（此处make it表示“定下来”）
If no one can help, I’ll go it alone.如果没人能帮忙，我就自己干。（go it意思是“干，做”）
Bob studied hard till 10 P.M. and then decided to call it a day and went to bed.鲍勃一直学习到晚上10点钟，于是他决定到此为止，上床睡觉。（call it a day意思是“就干到这里为止”）
—Do member to take this medicine three times a day.
—Got it. ( You’ve / I’ve got it.懂了，明白了。)
—I still owe you for lunch yesterday.
—Forget it. ( forget it算了吧，别提它了；休想，不可能)
—Thanks for all your help.
—Don’t mention it. (Don’t mention it.不客气。)
Take it easy! Don’t panic. (Take it easy.别着急，慢慢来；放松，别过份劳累。)
—Will you go skiing with me this winter vacation?
—It all depends. (It / That (all) depends.那要看情况而定。)
It can’t be helped. (I can’t help it.) 没有办法。（这是不可避免的。）
It can be helped. (I can help it.) 有办法。（这是可以避免的。）
I don’t like to do the job, but it can’t be helped.
—When will you go to America for a visit?
—It’s hard to say. 这很难说。
The two sides had a heated discussion, but it came to nothing. (没有什么结果。)
That’s it.对了。
It’s the same with sb.某人的情况也是一样。
Get with it ! 振作精神！
Keep at it! 坚持下去！
as it is / was “事实上，既然如此依现在的情况”，通常用于句前。
“照原样”，通常用于句末，如：
As it is, we can hardly get to the station by six o’clock.
Leave the chair as it is.
It is up to sb. to do sth.由某人决定做某事。
You must see to it that the door is locked. (see to it that ...注意；留神；负责)
believe it or not“信不信由你”，“我说的是真的”，在句中作插入语。例如：
Believe it or not, I came across her in the street yesterday.
like it or not “不管你喜欢不喜欢”，在句中作插入语。例如：
You must tell me the truth, like it or not.
As Chris put it, there is no gain without pain. 正如Chris所说，“不劳则无获。”
Don’t hesitate about it! It’s worth it. (worth it在口语中，相当于useful, 表示“有好处，值得做”)
As it happened, they were out. (在口语中，相当于It’s a pity that ..., 表示“真不凑巧，真遗憾”)
As it turned out (最后被证明是), his statement was false.
其它短语：run for it设法逃脱；keep at it坚持，别懈气；take it easy别着急；That’s it!这就对了，就这样。take it for granted认为……理所当然
例23： （2006全国） If I can help_______,
I don’t like working late into the night.
A. so_______ B. that_______ C. it_______D. them
解析： 答案为C。 此题意为：如果我能应付得了的话，我可不喜欢熬夜。it在这里无所指，它可用于一些动词之后，表是特定的意思。又如：Can I help it if it rains？天下雨我能阻止吗？
【高考大练兵】
44. （2004天津） —How often do you eat out?
—_______, but usually once a week.
A. Have no idea B. It depends
C. As usual D. Generally speaking
45. （2004江苏） —How long are you staying?
—I don’t know._______.
A. That’s OK B. Never mind
C. It depends D. It doesn’t matter
考点11： it用于强调结构中
【备考清单】
it可用于强调结构中，用以改变一个句子的结构，对句中的某些成份(不包括定语或谓语)加以强调。强调句型的基本模式是It is / was＋被强调部份＋that / who ＋其它成份。强调人时可用who及that作连接词，强调事物及状语时只能用that作连接词。强调句子的一般疑问句只需把is / was提前，而特殊疑问句还需在一般疑问句前加上疑问词。有时还可以用It might be ...that ...，It must have been ... that ... 的句型来表示强调。强调句型的最重要特征是：①表示强调；②去掉It is / was ... that / who ... 后句子结构依然完整。注意高考对强调结构的考查十分频繁，考查的方面主要集中于that与who的选择，强调从句及在一般疑问句、特殊疑问句中的应用。例如：
It is I who am right. (强调主语，不能用me，只能用I。)
It was him that we met yesterday. (强调宾语)
It was because of his illness that he didn’t go to school. (强调状语)
It was not until then that I realized my mistake. (强调状语)
Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out？
When was it that you called me yesterday？
It must have been his brother that you saw.你看到的一定是他的兄弟。
例24： (2004上海) Why！I have nothing to confess._______ you want me to say？
A． What is it that B． What it is that
C． How is it that D． How it is that
解析： 答案为A。依据句末问号可排除B、D两项，因为它们使用的是陈述句语序；依say为及物动词可排除C，因为只有what可作say的宾语；A项是在特殊疑问句中强调结构的用法，what正是强调的内容。
例25： (1998全国) It was only when I reread his poems recently_______ I began to appreciate their beauty.
A． until B． that C． then D． so
解析： 答案为B。句中only when I reread his poems recently这一时间状语从句正是强调的内容。
【高考大练兵】
46． (2004广东) I have always been honest and straightforward, and it doesn’t matter_______ I’m talking to.
A． who is it B． who it is
C． it is who D． it is whom
47． (2004上海春招) It was only with the help of the local guide_______．
A． was the mountain climber rescued
B． that the mountain climber was rescued
C． when the mountain climber was rescued
D． then the mountain climber was rescued
考点12： it用作形式主语或形式宾语
【备考清单】
1) it用作形式主语
it可以用作形式主语，用以代替不定式、动名词或从句，使真正的主语放在句子的后部，免得句子显得头重脚轻。常见的句型有：
① It ＋ be ＋ 形容词(obvious, true, nat-ural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, pos-sible, likely, certain, probable, etc.) ＋ that从句。例如：
It is certain that she will do well in her exam.
It is probable that he told her everything.
It is strange that he should have failed in this exam. 真奇怪，他这次考试竟不及格。
② It ＋ be ＋ 名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise)＋that从句。例如：
It’s a pity that we can’t go.
It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game.
③ It ＋ be ＋ 过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arran-ged, etc.) ＋ that从句。例如：
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing.
It is decided that the meeting has been put off till next Monday.
It is well-known that she is a learned woman.
It is suggested that the meeting should be put off.
④其他含it的常见句型It takes sb. ... to do sth. 该句型中it是形式主语，不定式是真正的主语，常译为“做……要花费某人……”。
It took me a whole day to complete the article.
It is (just) like sb. to do sth. 意为：“某人(恰恰)就是这个样子”, 肯定句用来表示“赞成或不满”，否定句则表示怀疑。
It is just like her to think of others before thinking of herself.
It occurred to me that I had met him in Beijing last month. 我突然想到……
It happened that he was out when I got there.
＝ He happened to be out when I got there.当我到那儿时，碰巧他不在。
It’s likely that he was already informed of the truth. 有可能……
It seemed that he had seen the film several times. 看起来……
It’s no use / no good doing sth. 做某事无用。
例26： （2007全国卷Ⅱ）_______ felt funny watching myself on TV.
A. One B. This C. It D. That
解析： 答案为C。考查形式主语。用it代替后面动名词短语watching myself on TV。
【高考大练兵】
48. （2007山东）_______ worried me is the way he keeps changing his mind.
A. This B. That C. What D. It
49. (2006浙江)_______ is our belief that improvement in health care will leadto a stranger, more prosperous economy.
A. As B. That C. This D. It
50. （2005上海）_______in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account.
A. What is requiredB. What requires
C. It is required D. It requires
51. （2005湖北） He hasn’t slept at all for three days._______ he is tired out.
A． There is no point B． There is no need
C． It is no wonderD． It is no way
52. （2004北京） The Foreign Minister said, “_______our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.”
A. This is B. There is
C. That is D. It is
2) it用作形式宾语
it用作形式宾语，也可用于替代不定式、动名词或从句。它用于think, make, find, believe, feel, consider等后作宾语，其跟复合宾语(宾语补足语)，也可用于like, love, enjoy, hate, dislike, appreciate等表示“喜好”的动词后面，以替代真正的宾语从句。例如：
We think it necessary that you will help him.
I felt it my duty to help the poor.
They thought it no use trying to persuade him.
Let’s make it a rule that anyone who leaves the room last should turn off the lights.
I love it when you sing. (我喜欢听你唱歌。)
I hate it when she speaks of me. (我讨厌她说我。)
it用在某些需要接但又不能直接接宾语从句的动词或短语之后作形式宾语，然后接that引导的宾语从句。常见的短语和动词有：take(认为，猜想), count on, depend on, rely on, look forward to, see to（负责, 注意）等等。此类用法到目前为止还未在高考试卷上出现过，现在通过几个例句体会一下：
I take it that he is not fond of reading this novel.我想他不喜欢读这本小说。
I’ll see to it that everything is ready. 我将负责把一切都准备好。
They are looking forward to it that Miss Li will come back from the USA.他们盼望着李小姐从美国回来。
You may rely on it that she won’t be late.你也许指望她不会迟到。
例26： （2006山东） I’dappreciate
if you would like to teach me the computer.
A. that B. it C. this D. you
解析： 答案为B。表示喜欢爱恨等方面的动词如love，like，appreciate，hate，dislike等后往往可加上it做形式上的宾语，再加上从句作真正的宾语。
【高考大练兵】
53. (2006湖南) As the busiest woman in Norton, she made_______her duty to look after all the other people’s affairs in that town.
A. this B. that C. one D. it
54． (2005全国Ⅰ) The chairman thought
necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting.
A． that B． it C． this D． him
55． (2004吉林) —Do you like_______here？
—Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice.
A． this B． these C． that D． it
56． (2004全国) I like_______ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.
A． this B． that C． it D． one
3) it作形式主语、as引导的定语从句及there be结构的区别
As is know to all, Edison invented the telephone. (as引导非限制性定语从句，代替后面主句的整个内容，as在从句中做成份。）
It is known to all that Edison invented the telephone. (it为形式主语，代替that引导的主语从句，that不在从句中做成份，注意此时句中不能有逗号。)
It’s our hope that Taiwan will return to the mainland one day. (it为形式主语，代替that引导的主语从句，用于说明我们的希望是什么。)
There is not much hope that they are still alive. (that引导的是同位语从句，用以说明hope的具体内容，强调的是客观上有无希望。)
例27： (1994上海)_______ is known to all, China will be an_______ powerful country in 20 or 30 years’ time.
A． That; advancing B． This; advanced
C． As; advanced D． It; advancing
解析： 答案为C。句中逗号表明前后句间为逻辑上的主从关系，即as引导非限制性定语代替后面整句话的内容；若用it则句中应去掉逗号再加上连结词that，此时it为形式主语。
【高考大练兵】
57． (1999上海)_______ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior school is increasing.
A． Which B． As C． That D． It
考点13：it用于指时间的一些句型中
【备考清单】
句型1： It’s (about / high) time that ... 是该……的时候了。
这个句型属于虚拟语气结构，不管主句用的是is或was，that从句都需用动词的过去式或should + 动词原形，在time之前有时可加上high或about等以加强语气。例如：
It is high time that we left for the station. 我们该动身向车站走了。
It is time that he should get up. =It is time that he got up.他该起床了。
It’s about / high time that we went to bed / we should go to bed.
句型2： It is / was / will be the first time that ...是某人第一次做某事。
此句型的主语可用it，也可用this, that等，其中序数词可以变化，该结构中that从句中要使用完成时态。当主句的谓语动词用 is时，从句谓语动词用现在完成时；当主句的谓语动词用was 时，从句谓语动词用过去完成时；当主句的谓语动词用will be 时，从句谓语动词用一般现在时（表示将来）。
It / This is the second time (that) she has rung you today.
It was the third time that I had visited the museum last year.
句型3： It is / was / will be ＋ 段时间 ＋ before ... 过了多久才……(强调时间长) It is not / wasn’t / won’t ＋ 段时间 ＋ before ... 没多久就……(强调时间的短)
这个句型中的时间一般为表示一段时间的词语，如long, years, months, weeks, days, hours, minutes。主句中的谓语动词用肯定式，表示“过了多久或要过多久……才（就）……”。主句的谓语动词是否定式时，意为“没过多长时间就……”。主句的时态可用过去时was或将来will be；用was时，before从句用一般过去时；用will be时，before从句常用一般现在时表示将来。例如：
It was a long time before he came back. 过了很长时间他才回来。
It will be two months before we meet again.要过两个月，我们才能见面。
It was not long before she learned those poems by heart. 没过多久她就背会了那些诗歌。
It will not be hours before we meet again. 要不了几个小时我们还会再见面的。
句型4： It was / will be ＋ 某一时间点＋ when ... (when引导定语从句)
在这个句型中，it指时间，而且表示时间的词语前没有介词（一般为具体时间）。主句中的谓语动词和从句中的谓语动词在时态上一般是一致的，如果主句是will be时，从句用一般现在时表示将来。
It was 7 o’clock when I got up this morning. (我今天早晨起床时已是7点了。)
It will be evening when we get there. (我们到达时，将是傍晚。)
句型5： It is ＋ 时间 ＋ since ... 自从……以来有……多久了
注意： 当since从句中的谓语动词为持续性动词时，要从这个动作的终点算起来计算时间。
It’s years since I came here. (我来这儿已有好几年了。)
It’s years since I lived here. (我搬离此处已有好多年了。)
It is four years since I smoked. (我戒烟已有四年了。)
It is years since I was a teacher. (我不当老师好几年了。)
It is years since I have been a teacher. (我已经当老师好多年了。)
试比较下列三个句子的区别：
It was 600 years before the clock with hands was made. 过了600年带指针的钟表才制造出来。
It was 600 years ago that the clock with hands was made. 带指针的钟表是600年前就制造出来的。
It is 600 years since the clock with hands was made. 带指针的钟表制造出来已有600年了。
【高考大练兵】
58. (2006福建) —How long do you think it will be_______ China sends a manned spaceship to the moon?
—Perhaps two or three years.
A. when B. until C. that D. before
59. (2005山东) It was some time_______ we realized the truth.
A. when B. until C. since D. before
60. （2005北京春季） It is almost five years_______ we saw each other last time.
A. before B. since C. after D. when
61. （2004福建） Scientists say it may be five or six years_______ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.
A． since B． after C． before D． when
【即时巩固练习答案】
1. D2. D3. D4. D5. C6. A7. C8. A9. A10. D11. D12. A13. B14. C15. A16. A17. B18. C19. C20. B21. B22. A23. B24. C25. A26. D27. B28. A29. D30. C31. A32. C33. A34. B35. B36. D37. A38. D39. D40. B41. B42. A43. D44. B45. C46. B47. B48. C49. D50. C51. C52. D53. D54. B55. D56. C57. A58. D59. D60. B61. C