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一、引言酸碱理论是随着人们对化学中一些反应现象认识的不断深化而逐步发展起来的。十九世纪末 W·Ostward 和 Arrhenius 提出酸碱的电离理论:在电离时所生成的阳离子全部是 H~+离子的化合物称为酸,电离时生成的阴离子全部是 OH~-离子的化合物称为碱,这一理论有很大的局限性。按照这一理论,离开了水溶液就没有酸和碱的反应,这显然是不正确的。表现出有酸碱性物质也不一定有 H~+和 OH~-离子。1923年 J·N·Brsted 提出酸碱质子理论。凡能释放质子的任何分子或离子都是酸,凡能与质子结合的分子或离子都是碱。并提出了共轭酸与共轭碱的概念。这一理论扩大了酸碱的定义和反应,并使酸碱具有相对性。
I. INTRODUCTION The theory of acid and alkali is gradually developed as people deepen their understanding of some of the reactions in chemistry. At the end of the nineteenth century, W.Ostward and Arrhenius proposed the acid-base ionization theory: when the ionization occurs, all the cations generated by the ionization are H~+ ions. The compounds are called acids. The ions that are ionized are all OH~ ions. This theory has great limitations. According to this theory, there is no acid and alkali reaction when leaving the aqueous solution, which is obviously incorrect. The presence of acid-base substances does not necessarily have H~+ and OH~- ions. In 1923, J.N. Brsted proposed acid-base proton theory. Any molecule or ion that can release protons is an acid, and any molecule or ion that can bind protons is a base. And the concept of conjugate acid and conjugate base was proposed. This theory expands the definition and reaction of acid and alkali, and makes acid and alkali relativity.