论文部分内容阅读
一、考点描述
科普类文章是高考英语的常考题材，每年高考都有所涉及，如2005年的江苏卷在五篇阅读文章中就有两篇是关于科普文章的阅读。因此，同学们在平时的学习中一定要对此高度重视。
二、材料特点
这类文章的总体特点是：科技词汇多，句子结构复杂，理论性强，逻辑严谨。具
体说来它有以下几个特点：
1. 文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。这类文章通常不会出现文学英语中采用的排比、比喻、夸张等修辞手法，一词多义的现象也不多见。
2. 句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。
3. 常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。
三、命题特点
科普类阅读的主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等，其中推理判断题居多。
四、应对策略
1. 要想做好科普英语阅读理解题，同学们就要注意平时多读科普知识类文章，学习科普知识，积累常见的科普词汇，从根本上提高科普英语的阅读能力。
2. 要熟悉科普类文章的结构特点。科普类文章一般由标题(Headline)，导语(Introduction)，背景( Background)，主体(Main body)和结尾(End)五部分构成。标题是文章中心思想高度而又精辟的概括，但根据历年的高考情况来看，这类阅读理解材料一般不给标题，而要同学们选择标题。导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一个事实的起因。主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述，这一部分命题往往最多，因此，阅读时，同学们要把这部分作为重点。结尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应，命题者常在此要设计一道推理判断题。
3. 在进行推理判断时，同学们一定要以阅读材料所提供的科学事实为依据，同时所得出的结论还应符合基本的科普常识。
五、真题赏析
2005年江苏卷D篇
Animals can move from place to place，but plants cannot.When an animal is under attack，it can run away or fight back. Plants certainly cannot run away，and they lack teeth and claws. But plants can defend themselves by using both physical and chemical means.
Some plants have their own ways to keep animals away. For example，the leaves of the holly plant have sharp spines(刺) that discourage grass—eating animals. Holly leaves on lower branches have more spines than leaves on upper branches. This is because the lower leaves are easier for most animals to reach.
Some plants，such as the oak tree，have thick and hard leaves that are difficult for animals to eat. Some grasses may contain a sandy material；eating such grasses wears down the animal’s teeth.
Many plants also have chemical defenses. Some plants produce chemicals that taste bitter or cause an unpleasant reaction. Some plants may fight against an attack by increasing the production of these chemicals. When a caterpillar (毛虫) bites a tobacco leaf，the leaf produces a chemical messenger. This messenger sends to the roots the information to produce more nicotine. The higher levels of nicotine discourage the caterpillar.
Many plants depend on both physical and chemical defenses. A certain plant in China，for instance，has prickly (多刺的) leaves，and each prickle contains poisonous venom (毒液).A single experience with this kind of plant will teach an animal to stay away from it in the future.
68. The holly plant has more spines on the lower leaves because most animals_____________.
A. are not tall enough B. like the lower leaves only
C. are not clever enough D. can get the lower leaves easily
69. To defend themselves，oak trees use___________.
A. chemical means B. physical means
C. bitter chemicals D. sandy materials
70. How does tobacco protect itself against an attack from a caterpillar?
A. Its leaves fight against the attack by physical means.
B. Its roots send a messenger to discourage the caterpillar.
C. Its roots increase the production of nicotine when it is attacked.
D. Its leaves produce poisonous sand to drive the caterpillar away.
71. What would be the best title for this passage?
A. Plants and Animals B. How Plants Defend Themselves
C. Attacks and Defenses D. How Animals Eat Plant Leaves
【答案与解析】本文主要介绍一些植物是如何通过物理和化学的方式保护自己不受外界侵害的。
68. D。事实细节题。根据第2段最后一句...the lower leaves are easier for most animals to reach可知答案。
69. B。推理判断题。根据第3段中的...oak tree，have thick and hard leaves that are difficult for animals to eat 可推知，树叶又厚又硬属于植物自我保护的物理手段。
70. C。推理判断题。根据第四段可知，tobacco 保护自己不受毛虫侵害的办法是产生更多的 nicotine。
71. B。主旨概括题。因为整篇文章都在讲植物是怎样保护他们自己的，故选 B。
六、模拟训练
A
Walk through the Amazon rainforest today and you will find it is steamy，warm，damp and thick. But if you had been around 15，000 years ago，during the last ice age，would it have been the same? For more than 30 years，scientists have been arguing about how rainforests like the Amazon might have reacted (反应) to the cold，dry climates of the ice ages，but until now，no one has reached a satisfying answer.
Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming. Currently the trees in the Amazon take in around 500 million tons of CO2 each year: equal to the total amount of CO2 giving off in the UK each year. But how will the Amazon react to future climate change? If it gets drier，will it still survive and continue to draw down CO2? Scientists hope that they will be able to learn in advance how the rainforests will manage in the future by understanding how rainforests reacted to climate change in the past.
Unfortunately，getting into the Amazon rainforest and collecting information are very difficult. To study past climate，scientists need to look at fossilized pollen，kept in lake muds. Going back to the last ice age means drilling deep down into lake sediments(沉淀物) which requires specialized equipment and heavy machinery. There are very few roads and paths，or places to land helicopters and aero planes. Rivers tend to the easiest way to enter the forest，but this still leaves vast areas between the rivers completely unsampled(未取样). So far，only a handful of cores have been drilled that go back to the last ice age and none of them provide enough information to prove how the Amazon rainforest reacts to climate change.
1. The underlined phrase“mopping up” in the second paragraph means “___________”.
A. cleaning up B. taking in C. wiping out D. giving out
2. How will the Amazon rainforest react to future climate change?
A. It’ll get drier and continue to remove CO2.
B. It’ll remain steamy，warm，damp and thick.
C. It’ll get warmer and then colder and drier.
D. There is no exact answer up to present.
3. What’s the main idea of the last paragraph?
A. It’s important to drill deep down into lake sediments to collect information.
B. It’s impossible to prove how climate changes in the Amazon rainforest.
C. It’s hard to collect information for studies of the past climate in the Amazon rainforest.
D. It’s necessary to have specialized equipment and machinery to study the past climate.
4. The best title for this passage may probably be__________.
A. Studies of the Amazon B. Climates of the Amazon
C. Secrets of the Rainforests D. Changes of the Rainforests
【答案与解析】本文主要介绍了热带雨林对气候的影响。
1. B。词义猜测题。根据第二段中的 helping to slow global warming，同时结合化学知识可推知 mopping up的意思是“吸入”。另外，文章中的...currently the trees in Amazon take in around 500 million tones of CO2 each year也暗示 mop up 和 take in 的意思相同。
2. D。事实细节题。根据文章第2段的内容(尤其是最后一句话)可推知此题最佳答案为D。
3. C。主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段中的 So far，only a handful of cores have been drilled 可知，资料收集不是很容易。
4. C。主旨大意题。文章主要讲的是亚马孙热带雨林难以预料的变化，所以选C为佳。
B
Terrible weather，melting(融化的) snow and gathering clouds may be signs of global warming. The average temperature on Earth for last year was the second warmest since written records began 140 years ago.
The global average surface temperature in 2001 was 14.42 degrees centigrade，the World Meteorological Organization said. The record，set in 1998，was 14.58 degrees centigrade.
“Temperatures are getting hotter，and they are getting hotter faster now than at any time in the past，”said Michel Jarraud，a WMO official.
Carbon dioxide(二氧化碳) produced from burning fuels is the most common of the so—called greenhouse gases. The growing concentration(集中) in the atmosphere of these gases is thought to be warming the Earth.“Most of the causes of global warming are due to human action，” said Ken Davidson，director of WMO’s climate programme department.
Every year，large amounts of gases produced by factories，cars and burning trees hold in too much heat and cause global warming. Many scientists believe the warming，if not stopped，will cause extreme climate changes this century.
Throughout the world，the spreading of particular diseases and other threats(威胁) to human health depend largely on local climates. Extreme temperatures can directly cause loss of life. Warm temperatures can increase air and water pollution，which in turn can harm human health.
In the Earth’s atmosphere there are tiny amounts of gases called greenhouse gases. These gases hold in the heat that comes up from the sun—warmed Earth. As cities have increased in size and population，factories and industries in the world have grown. People need more and more electricity，cars and other things. So more greenhouse gases have been added to the atmosphere. This causes more heat to be trapped than in the past. This is called the greenhouse effect.
1. The subject discussed in the passage is_______________.
A. the growing population of the world
B. the global average surface temperature
C. the increasing greenhouse effect
D. the causes of air and water pollution
2. According to a WMO official，it is__________that should be blamed for global warming.
A. modern factories impressive B. mankind
C. carbon dioxide D. burning fuels
3. The rising of the earth temperature will finally result in__________.
A. the spreading of particular diseases B. air and water pollution
C. extreme climate changes D. loss of life
4. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. Air and water pollution is caused by global warming.
B. Greenhouse gases do no good to human beings
C. With the air getting hotter，people need more and more electricity，cars and other things.
D. The average temperature on Earth for 1998 was the warmest according to written records
【答案与解析】本文向我们介绍了由于环境污染而引起的全球变暖的现象。
1. C。主旨大意题。本文讨论的是全球变暖的现象，而造成这种现象的原因是温室效应，文章在最后也对温室效应做了解释，故答案为C。
2. B。事实细节题。根据第四段中的 most of the causes of global warming are due to human action，said Ken Davidson，director of WMO’s climate programme department可知答案为B。
3. D。事实细节题。根据第六段中的 Extreme temperatures can directly cause loss of life可知此题的最佳答案为D。
4. D。事实细节题。根据第二段中的 The record，set in 1998，was 14.58 degrees centigrade可知D正确。
（编辑 周贞雄）
科普类文章是高考英语的常考题材，每年高考都有所涉及，如2005年的江苏卷在五篇阅读文章中就有两篇是关于科普文章的阅读。因此，同学们在平时的学习中一定要对此高度重视。
二、材料特点
这类文章的总体特点是：科技词汇多，句子结构复杂，理论性强，逻辑严谨。具
体说来它有以下几个特点：
1. 文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。这类文章通常不会出现文学英语中采用的排比、比喻、夸张等修辞手法，一词多义的现象也不多见。
2. 句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。
3. 常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。
三、命题特点
科普类阅读的主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等，其中推理判断题居多。
四、应对策略
1. 要想做好科普英语阅读理解题，同学们就要注意平时多读科普知识类文章，学习科普知识，积累常见的科普词汇，从根本上提高科普英语的阅读能力。
2. 要熟悉科普类文章的结构特点。科普类文章一般由标题(Headline)，导语(Introduction)，背景( Background)，主体(Main body)和结尾(End)五部分构成。标题是文章中心思想高度而又精辟的概括，但根据历年的高考情况来看，这类阅读理解材料一般不给标题，而要同学们选择标题。导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一个事实的起因。主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述，这一部分命题往往最多，因此，阅读时，同学们要把这部分作为重点。结尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应，命题者常在此要设计一道推理判断题。
3. 在进行推理判断时，同学们一定要以阅读材料所提供的科学事实为依据，同时所得出的结论还应符合基本的科普常识。
五、真题赏析
2005年江苏卷D篇
Animals can move from place to place，but plants cannot.When an animal is under attack，it can run away or fight back. Plants certainly cannot run away，and they lack teeth and claws. But plants can defend themselves by using both physical and chemical means.
Some plants have their own ways to keep animals away. For example，the leaves of the holly plant have sharp spines(刺) that discourage grass—eating animals. Holly leaves on lower branches have more spines than leaves on upper branches. This is because the lower leaves are easier for most animals to reach.
Some plants，such as the oak tree，have thick and hard leaves that are difficult for animals to eat. Some grasses may contain a sandy material；eating such grasses wears down the animal’s teeth.
Many plants also have chemical defenses. Some plants produce chemicals that taste bitter or cause an unpleasant reaction. Some plants may fight against an attack by increasing the production of these chemicals. When a caterpillar (毛虫) bites a tobacco leaf，the leaf produces a chemical messenger. This messenger sends to the roots the information to produce more nicotine. The higher levels of nicotine discourage the caterpillar.
Many plants depend on both physical and chemical defenses. A certain plant in China，for instance，has prickly (多刺的) leaves，and each prickle contains poisonous venom (毒液).A single experience with this kind of plant will teach an animal to stay away from it in the future.
68. The holly plant has more spines on the lower leaves because most animals_____________.
A. are not tall enough B. like the lower leaves only
C. are not clever enough D. can get the lower leaves easily
69. To defend themselves，oak trees use___________.
A. chemical means B. physical means
C. bitter chemicals D. sandy materials
70. How does tobacco protect itself against an attack from a caterpillar?
A. Its leaves fight against the attack by physical means.
B. Its roots send a messenger to discourage the caterpillar.
C. Its roots increase the production of nicotine when it is attacked.
D. Its leaves produce poisonous sand to drive the caterpillar away.
71. What would be the best title for this passage?
A. Plants and Animals B. How Plants Defend Themselves
C. Attacks and Defenses D. How Animals Eat Plant Leaves
【答案与解析】本文主要介绍一些植物是如何通过物理和化学的方式保护自己不受外界侵害的。
68. D。事实细节题。根据第2段最后一句...the lower leaves are easier for most animals to reach可知答案。
69. B。推理判断题。根据第3段中的...oak tree，have thick and hard leaves that are difficult for animals to eat 可推知，树叶又厚又硬属于植物自我保护的物理手段。
70. C。推理判断题。根据第四段可知，tobacco 保护自己不受毛虫侵害的办法是产生更多的 nicotine。
71. B。主旨概括题。因为整篇文章都在讲植物是怎样保护他们自己的，故选 B。
六、模拟训练
A
Walk through the Amazon rainforest today and you will find it is steamy，warm，damp and thick. But if you had been around 15，000 years ago，during the last ice age，would it have been the same? For more than 30 years，scientists have been arguing about how rainforests like the Amazon might have reacted (反应) to the cold，dry climates of the ice ages，but until now，no one has reached a satisfying answer.
Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming. Currently the trees in the Amazon take in around 500 million tons of CO2 each year: equal to the total amount of CO2 giving off in the UK each year. But how will the Amazon react to future climate change? If it gets drier，will it still survive and continue to draw down CO2? Scientists hope that they will be able to learn in advance how the rainforests will manage in the future by understanding how rainforests reacted to climate change in the past.
Unfortunately，getting into the Amazon rainforest and collecting information are very difficult. To study past climate，scientists need to look at fossilized pollen，kept in lake muds. Going back to the last ice age means drilling deep down into lake sediments(沉淀物) which requires specialized equipment and heavy machinery. There are very few roads and paths，or places to land helicopters and aero planes. Rivers tend to the easiest way to enter the forest，but this still leaves vast areas between the rivers completely unsampled(未取样). So far，only a handful of cores have been drilled that go back to the last ice age and none of them provide enough information to prove how the Amazon rainforest reacts to climate change.
1. The underlined phrase“mopping up” in the second paragraph means “___________”.
A. cleaning up B. taking in C. wiping out D. giving out
2. How will the Amazon rainforest react to future climate change?
A. It’ll get drier and continue to remove CO2.
B. It’ll remain steamy，warm，damp and thick.
C. It’ll get warmer and then colder and drier.
D. There is no exact answer up to present.
3. What’s the main idea of the last paragraph?
A. It’s important to drill deep down into lake sediments to collect information.
B. It’s impossible to prove how climate changes in the Amazon rainforest.
C. It’s hard to collect information for studies of the past climate in the Amazon rainforest.
D. It’s necessary to have specialized equipment and machinery to study the past climate.
4. The best title for this passage may probably be__________.
A. Studies of the Amazon B. Climates of the Amazon
C. Secrets of the Rainforests D. Changes of the Rainforests
【答案与解析】本文主要介绍了热带雨林对气候的影响。
1. B。词义猜测题。根据第二段中的 helping to slow global warming，同时结合化学知识可推知 mopping up的意思是“吸入”。另外，文章中的...currently the trees in Amazon take in around 500 million tones of CO2 each year也暗示 mop up 和 take in 的意思相同。
2. D。事实细节题。根据文章第2段的内容(尤其是最后一句话)可推知此题最佳答案为D。
3. C。主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段中的 So far，only a handful of cores have been drilled 可知，资料收集不是很容易。
4. C。主旨大意题。文章主要讲的是亚马孙热带雨林难以预料的变化，所以选C为佳。
B
Terrible weather，melting(融化的) snow and gathering clouds may be signs of global warming. The average temperature on Earth for last year was the second warmest since written records began 140 years ago.
The global average surface temperature in 2001 was 14.42 degrees centigrade，the World Meteorological Organization said. The record，set in 1998，was 14.58 degrees centigrade.
“Temperatures are getting hotter，and they are getting hotter faster now than at any time in the past，”said Michel Jarraud，a WMO official.
Carbon dioxide(二氧化碳) produced from burning fuels is the most common of the so—called greenhouse gases. The growing concentration(集中) in the atmosphere of these gases is thought to be warming the Earth.“Most of the causes of global warming are due to human action，” said Ken Davidson，director of WMO’s climate programme department.
Every year，large amounts of gases produced by factories，cars and burning trees hold in too much heat and cause global warming. Many scientists believe the warming，if not stopped，will cause extreme climate changes this century.
Throughout the world，the spreading of particular diseases and other threats(威胁) to human health depend largely on local climates. Extreme temperatures can directly cause loss of life. Warm temperatures can increase air and water pollution，which in turn can harm human health.
In the Earth’s atmosphere there are tiny amounts of gases called greenhouse gases. These gases hold in the heat that comes up from the sun—warmed Earth. As cities have increased in size and population，factories and industries in the world have grown. People need more and more electricity，cars and other things. So more greenhouse gases have been added to the atmosphere. This causes more heat to be trapped than in the past. This is called the greenhouse effect.
1. The subject discussed in the passage is_______________.
A. the growing population of the world
B. the global average surface temperature
C. the increasing greenhouse effect
D. the causes of air and water pollution
2. According to a WMO official，it is__________that should be blamed for global warming.
A. modern factories impressive B. mankind
C. carbon dioxide D. burning fuels
3. The rising of the earth temperature will finally result in__________.
A. the spreading of particular diseases B. air and water pollution
C. extreme climate changes D. loss of life
4. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. Air and water pollution is caused by global warming.
B. Greenhouse gases do no good to human beings
C. With the air getting hotter，people need more and more electricity，cars and other things.
D. The average temperature on Earth for 1998 was the warmest according to written records
【答案与解析】本文向我们介绍了由于环境污染而引起的全球变暖的现象。
1. C。主旨大意题。本文讨论的是全球变暖的现象，而造成这种现象的原因是温室效应，文章在最后也对温室效应做了解释，故答案为C。
2. B。事实细节题。根据第四段中的 most of the causes of global warming are due to human action，said Ken Davidson，director of WMO’s climate programme department可知答案为B。
3. D。事实细节题。根据第六段中的 Extreme temperatures can directly cause loss of life可知此题的最佳答案为D。
4. D。事实细节题。根据第二段中的 The record，set in 1998，was 14.58 degrees centigrade可知D正确。
（编辑 周贞雄）