雅各布·布尔克哈特——发明了“文化”的思想家

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  The bicentenary of the birth of a Swiss historian might not seem the most glamorous of anniversaries. Unlike his contemporary Karl Marx, also born in 1818, Jacob Burckhardt never inspired any revolutions and doesn’t get his face on T-shirts. Yet some of us are celebrating the 200th birthday of Jacob Burckhardt lavishly1.
  Once upon a time, newspapers used to have arts sections. Today, they’ve caught up—very belatedly—with Burckhardt. The use of the term culture to mean a broad and changing flow of forms from opera to video games may seem like an innovation of the postmodern age, but it actually goes back to Burckhardt’s 1860 book The Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy2.
  Burckhardt invented culture as we know it—not just the official “arts”, but any human activity that has symbolic meaning.
  Newspapers and their websites are still behind Burckhardt on this. Looking for articles about fashion and food? You’ll find them in “lifestyle”. Burckhardt saw these too as culture. Of course, so do we—it would just get hard to organise stuff if it was all classed in one big mix. But everyone knows today that clothes are significant cultural creations and that cooking is about meaning as much as flavour. The amazing thing is how clearly Burckhardt saw it in 1860.
  The Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy has not one single chapter dedicated to Renaissance art. It does have, however, a section called “Ridicule and Wit”. Burckhardt explores every nuance3 of how people expressed themselves in 15th-century Italy, from cruel jokes to street festivals. In one of his most astonishing insights he even explores how people listened—he shows how sitting through long speeches was a cultural rite4 in itself. It’s a revelation that makes you think about music and performance in a totally new way. One day, someone will write the history of how we listen today, the cultural history of headphones and podcasts. And that historian will owe everything to Burckhardt.

  So who was this daring thinker His portrait on Switzerland’s 1,000-franc note makes him look stern5 yet sensitive. Born in Basel to a wealthy family and educated in Berlin, where he was taught by the pioneering historian Leopold von Ranke6, he doesn’t come across as much of a rebel. Yet Burckhardt’s work is an insidious7 attack on Germanic nationalism. Writing at a time when Prussia was leading the unification of Germany and pride in Teutonic northern virtues was growing,8 Burckhardt went out of his way to belittle north European achievements and show that Italy was the true source of European genius.
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