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背景资料 2004年12月26日印度洋发生特大海啸,给印尼、孟加拉国、斯里兰卡、泰国、印度、马来西亚等国家造成重大人员伤亡。什么是海啸呢? 海啸是一种具有强大破坏力的海浪。水下地震、火山爆发或水下塌陷和滑坡等大地活动都可能引起海啸。 地震发生时,海底地层发生断裂,部分地层出现猛然上升或者下沉,由此造成从海底到海面的整个水层发生剧烈“抖动”。这种“抖动”与平常所见到的海浪大不一样。海浪一般只在海面附近起伏,涉及的深度不大,波动的振幅随水深增加衰减很快。地震引起的海水“抖动”则是从海底到海面整个水体的波动,其中所含的能量惊人。 海啸时掀起的狂涛骇浪,高度可达10多米至几十米不等,形成“水墙”。另外,海啸波长很大,可以传播几千千米而能量损失很小。由于以上原因,如果海啸到达岸边,“水墙”就会冲上陆地,对人类生命和财产造成严重威胁。
Background Information The massive tsunami in the Indian Ocean on December 26, 2004 caused heavy casualties in Indonesia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Thailand, India and Malaysia. What is a tsunami? A tsunami is a powerful destructive wave. Submarine earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or submerged collapse and landslides can cause tsunamis. At the time of the earthquake, the seabed strata fractured and some strata suddenly rose or sunk, resulting in severe “jitter ” in the entire water layer from the sea floor to the sea surface. This kind of “jitter” is quite different from the waves you normally see. Waves generally only fluctuate near the sea surface, involving the depth is not large, the amplitude of fluctuations decay rapidly with increasing water depth. Earthquake-induced seawater “jitter ” is the fluctuation of the entire body of water from the sea floor to the sea surface, which contains amazing energy. When the tsunami set off the stormy waves, up to 10 meters to tens of meters ranging from the formation of “water wall ”. In addition, the tsunami wavelength is very large, can spread thousands of kilometers and the energy loss is very small. For these reasons, if the tsunami reaches the shore, the “water wall” will rush to land, posing a serious threat to human life and property.