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一、 现在分词作定语
现在分词作定语时，一般可转换成定语从句。例如：
The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket ________ the desert. (2006湖南)
A. covering B. covered
C. cover D. to cover
简析： 答案是A。a soft orange blanket与cover存在主谓关系，因此要用现在分词作谓语，它相当于定语从句which / that covered。而不定式作定语一般表示将要发生的动作，故不能误选D。
高考衔接：
The flowers________sweet in the botanical garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. (2004年上海卷)
A. to smell B. smelling
C. smelt D. to be smelt
简析： 答案是B。smelling sweet in the botanic garden在句中作定语，修饰the flowers。smell在此处为系动词，意思为“闻起来发出……的味道”，不使用被动语态。
动名词与现在分词作定语时的比较
1. 动名词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词的性能和用途，它和所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系；现在分词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词正在进行的动作，它和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系，常可以扩展成一个定语从句。例如：
a swimming girl ＝ a girl who is swimming一个在游泳的姑娘 (现在分词)
a walking stick ＝ a stick that is used for walking一根拐杖 (动名词)
高考衔接：
1. Will those________the children from abroad come to the headmaster’s office? (2000上海春)
A. teaching B. teach
C. who teaches D. who teaching
简析： 答案是A。此处表主动，故用现在分词，注意若选C项应把teaches改成teach。也可改成定语从句those whoteach the children from abroad。
2. There are hundreds of visitors________in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Gogh’s paintings.
A. waited B. to wait
C. waiting D. wait
简析： 答案是C。题中动词的现在分词作定语。
3.________the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement. (2003上海春)
A. The president will attend
B. The president to attend
C. The president attended
D. The president’s attending
简析： 答案是D。句中谓语动词为gave，其前内容只能为主语，故此时只能用动名词复合结构作主语。
二、 现在分词作补足语
现在分词可作宾语补足语和主语补足语。此时句中的谓语动词多为表示感觉的动词、短语动词或使役动词。例如： see，hear，watch，notice，observe，find，smell，look at，listen to，have，get，set，catch，keep，leave等。现在分词作补语时往往表示动作正在进行。
高考衔接：
1. —Why did you go back to the shop?
—I left my friend________there. (2003安徽春)
A. waiting B. to wait
C. wait D. waits
简析： 答案是A。现在分词作宾语补足语。
2. Don’t leave the water________while you brush your teeth. (2004天津)
A. run B. running
C. being run D. to run
简析： 答案是B。leave sb. / sth. doing是固定句型，意为“使/让某人/某物一直(干) ……”。leave在这里的意思是“使(让)”的意思。
3. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found________in the kitchen. (2003全国)
A. smoke B. smoking
C. to smoke D. smoked
简析： 答案是B。根据句意和感官动词find的用法要求，此题的正确答案应为B。smoking作主语a cook的补足语。
三、 现在分词作表语
现在分词作表语通常表示主语的性质或状态，是一种系表结构。作表语常见的有exciting, moving, inspiring, missing, interesting,
disappointing等，表示“令人感到……，使人感到……”。例如：
I find it hard to learn English.我发现学英语很难。
高考衔接：
I found the game excited, and my dad explained for the rules. (2005浙江卷短文改错)
简析： 发现游戏有趣，故把excited改成exciting。
动名词与现在分词作表语时的比较
1. 动名词作表语往往用于说明主语的内容，回答what的问题；现在分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，往往说明主语的性质、特征等，常用于回答how的问题。例如：
① What pleases him most is bathing in the sea.最使他高兴的事是在海中沐浴。(动名词)
② The situation both at home and abroad is very inspiring.国内外的形势都很鼓舞人心。(现在分词)
2. 动名词作表语时，表语和主语几乎处于同等地位，可以互换位置，其句意不变；现在分词作表语时，表语和主语则不能互换位置。例如：
① Our work is serving the people．（＝Serving the people is our work．）我们的工作是为人民服务。
② The news was disappointing．那消息令人失望。
3. 作表语的现在分词前可以用very，quite，rather，greatly等副词修饰，而动名词则不可以。例如：
① What he said was very encouraging．他的话很鼓舞人心。
② Our goal is realizing the four modernizations in the near future．我们的目标是在不久的将来实现四个现代化。
4. 现在分词与形容词一样可以和more，the most构成形容词的比较级和最高级，而动名词则不可以。例如：
The story is the most fascinating．那个故事最迷人。
5. 作表语用的现在分词除了和be连用以外，还可以和其它的系动词连用；而作表语的动名词则通常只能和be连用。例如：
① His speech seems inspiring．他的演讲似乎很鼓舞人心。(现在分词)
② His interest is writing for the newspapers．他的爱好是给报社写文章。(动名词)
6. 有些用作表语的现在分词已经形容词化了。常见的有： exciting，moving，inspiring，missing，interesting，disappointing等。
四、 现在分词作状语
-ing形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为、方式、伴随状况等。
高考衔接：
When________different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. (2006浙江)
A. compared B. being compared
C. comparing D. having compared
简析： 答案是C。we和compare是主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。
学习-ing形式作状语的用法时,需要注意以下三点:
1. 与过去分词作状语的区别。一般来说，-ing形式表示语态上的主动、时态上的进行；过去分词表示语态上的被动、时态上完成。试比较：
The enemy fled in a panic, leaving behind a lot of dead bodies and weapons.
Defeated and frightened, the enemy fled in a panic.
简析： 前一例中的-ing形式短语在句子中作伴随状语，它与其逻辑主语the enemy之间为主动关系；后一句中的过去分词defeated和frightened表原因。
2. 关于逻辑主语的问题。-ing形式作状语时，一般情况下，其逻辑主语应与主句的主语保持一致。例如：
Comparing all the great people with each other, you’ll find that they have much in common.
Finding her car stolen, she hurried to a policeman for help. (上海 2001)
Having suffered from heart trouble for years, professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes. (上海 2001春)
简析： 以上-ing形式的逻辑主语均为主句的主语。
3. –ing形式(短语)的功能有时相当于一个状语从句，根据这个性质，我们在使用-ing形式作状语时，切记不要在前面或后面的句子前用连词连接。例如：
Walking on the fallen leaves in autumn, so you’ll feel very comfortable.
简析： 如前所述，-ing形式短语相当于一个状语从句，所以后半句中的连词so的使用是错误的，应该去掉。原句应改为：Walking on the fallen leaves in autumn, you’ll feel very comfortable.
高考衔接：
1. More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays,________advantage of the health and relaxation benefits. (2005上海卷)
A. taking B. taken
C. having taken D. having been taken
简析： 答案是A。检查考生对非谓语动词作状语的掌握和运用能力。take advantage of（利用）和句子主语More and more people构成主动关系，且和句子谓语sign up for(报名参加)同时发生，所以选择A。
2. Daddy didn’t mind what we were doing, as long as we were together,________fun. (2005重庆卷)
A. had B. have
C. to have D. having
简析： 答案是D。现在分词作状语表伴随的动作。
3. Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year,________a record US $57.65 a barrel on April 4. (2005山东卷)
A. have reached B. reaching
C. to reach D. to be reaching
简析： 答案是B。现在分词作状语表伴随的动作。
4. He glanced over at her,________that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together. (2005广东卷)
A. noting B. noted
C. to note D. having noted
简析： 答案是B。现在分词作状语表伴随的动作。
5. Having been attacked by terrorists,______. (2004上海)
A. doctors came to their rescue
B. the tall building collapsed
C. an emergency measure was taken
D. warnings were given to tourists
简析： 答案是A。Having been attacked by terrorists为分词短语，作全句的状语，其逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，故选B。
6. Alice returned from the manager’s office,________me that the boss wanted to see me at once. (2004全国Ⅳ)
A. having told B. tells
C. to tell D. telling
简析： 答案是D。现在分词作状语表伴随的动作。
7. “We can’t go out in this weather,” said Bob,________out of the window. (2004全国Ⅱ)
A. looking B. to look
C. looked D. having looked
简析： 答案是A。looking out of the window作said的伴随状语。Bob与look是主谓关系，所以此处作状语的分词应用现在分词。
现在分词作定语时，一般可转换成定语从句。例如：
The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket ________ the desert. (2006湖南)
A. covering B. covered
C. cover D. to cover
简析： 答案是A。a soft orange blanket与cover存在主谓关系，因此要用现在分词作谓语，它相当于定语从句which / that covered。而不定式作定语一般表示将要发生的动作，故不能误选D。
高考衔接：
The flowers________sweet in the botanical garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. (2004年上海卷)
A. to smell B. smelling
C. smelt D. to be smelt
简析： 答案是B。smelling sweet in the botanic garden在句中作定语，修饰the flowers。smell在此处为系动词，意思为“闻起来发出……的味道”，不使用被动语态。
动名词与现在分词作定语时的比较
1. 动名词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词的性能和用途，它和所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系；现在分词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词正在进行的动作，它和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系，常可以扩展成一个定语从句。例如：
a swimming girl ＝ a girl who is swimming一个在游泳的姑娘 (现在分词)
a walking stick ＝ a stick that is used for walking一根拐杖 (动名词)
高考衔接：
1. Will those________the children from abroad come to the headmaster’s office? (2000上海春)
A. teaching B. teach
C. who teaches D. who teaching
简析： 答案是A。此处表主动，故用现在分词，注意若选C项应把teaches改成teach。也可改成定语从句those whoteach the children from abroad。
2. There are hundreds of visitors________in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Gogh’s paintings.
A. waited B. to wait
C. waiting D. wait
简析： 答案是C。题中动词的现在分词作定语。
3.________the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement. (2003上海春)
A. The president will attend
B. The president to attend
C. The president attended
D. The president’s attending
简析： 答案是D。句中谓语动词为gave，其前内容只能为主语，故此时只能用动名词复合结构作主语。
二、 现在分词作补足语
现在分词可作宾语补足语和主语补足语。此时句中的谓语动词多为表示感觉的动词、短语动词或使役动词。例如： see，hear，watch，notice，observe，find，smell，look at，listen to，have，get，set，catch，keep，leave等。现在分词作补语时往往表示动作正在进行。
高考衔接：
1. —Why did you go back to the shop?
—I left my friend________there. (2003安徽春)
A. waiting B. to wait
C. wait D. waits
简析： 答案是A。现在分词作宾语补足语。
2. Don’t leave the water________while you brush your teeth. (2004天津)
A. run B. running
C. being run D. to run
简析： 答案是B。leave sb. / sth. doing是固定句型，意为“使/让某人/某物一直(干) ……”。leave在这里的意思是“使(让)”的意思。
3. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found________in the kitchen. (2003全国)
A. smoke B. smoking
C. to smoke D. smoked
简析： 答案是B。根据句意和感官动词find的用法要求，此题的正确答案应为B。smoking作主语a cook的补足语。
三、 现在分词作表语
现在分词作表语通常表示主语的性质或状态，是一种系表结构。作表语常见的有exciting, moving, inspiring, missing, interesting,
disappointing等，表示“令人感到……，使人感到……”。例如：
I find it hard to learn English.我发现学英语很难。
高考衔接：
I found the game excited, and my dad explained for the rules. (2005浙江卷短文改错)
简析： 发现游戏有趣，故把excited改成exciting。
动名词与现在分词作表语时的比较
1. 动名词作表语往往用于说明主语的内容，回答what的问题；现在分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，往往说明主语的性质、特征等，常用于回答how的问题。例如：
① What pleases him most is bathing in the sea.最使他高兴的事是在海中沐浴。(动名词)
② The situation both at home and abroad is very inspiring.国内外的形势都很鼓舞人心。(现在分词)
2. 动名词作表语时，表语和主语几乎处于同等地位，可以互换位置，其句意不变；现在分词作表语时，表语和主语则不能互换位置。例如：
① Our work is serving the people．（＝Serving the people is our work．）我们的工作是为人民服务。
② The news was disappointing．那消息令人失望。
3. 作表语的现在分词前可以用very，quite，rather，greatly等副词修饰，而动名词则不可以。例如：
① What he said was very encouraging．他的话很鼓舞人心。
② Our goal is realizing the four modernizations in the near future．我们的目标是在不久的将来实现四个现代化。
4. 现在分词与形容词一样可以和more，the most构成形容词的比较级和最高级，而动名词则不可以。例如：
The story is the most fascinating．那个故事最迷人。
5. 作表语用的现在分词除了和be连用以外，还可以和其它的系动词连用；而作表语的动名词则通常只能和be连用。例如：
① His speech seems inspiring．他的演讲似乎很鼓舞人心。(现在分词)
② His interest is writing for the newspapers．他的爱好是给报社写文章。(动名词)
6. 有些用作表语的现在分词已经形容词化了。常见的有： exciting，moving，inspiring，missing，interesting，disappointing等。
四、 现在分词作状语
-ing形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为、方式、伴随状况等。
高考衔接：
When________different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. (2006浙江)
A. compared B. being compared
C. comparing D. having compared
简析： 答案是C。we和compare是主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。
学习-ing形式作状语的用法时,需要注意以下三点:
1. 与过去分词作状语的区别。一般来说，-ing形式表示语态上的主动、时态上的进行；过去分词表示语态上的被动、时态上完成。试比较：
The enemy fled in a panic, leaving behind a lot of dead bodies and weapons.
Defeated and frightened, the enemy fled in a panic.
简析： 前一例中的-ing形式短语在句子中作伴随状语，它与其逻辑主语the enemy之间为主动关系；后一句中的过去分词defeated和frightened表原因。
2. 关于逻辑主语的问题。-ing形式作状语时，一般情况下，其逻辑主语应与主句的主语保持一致。例如：
Comparing all the great people with each other, you’ll find that they have much in common.
Finding her car stolen, she hurried to a policeman for help. (上海 2001)
Having suffered from heart trouble for years, professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes. (上海 2001春)
简析： 以上-ing形式的逻辑主语均为主句的主语。
3. –ing形式(短语)的功能有时相当于一个状语从句，根据这个性质，我们在使用-ing形式作状语时，切记不要在前面或后面的句子前用连词连接。例如：
Walking on the fallen leaves in autumn, so you’ll feel very comfortable.
简析： 如前所述，-ing形式短语相当于一个状语从句，所以后半句中的连词so的使用是错误的，应该去掉。原句应改为：Walking on the fallen leaves in autumn, you’ll feel very comfortable.
高考衔接：
1. More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays,________advantage of the health and relaxation benefits. (2005上海卷)
A. taking B. taken
C. having taken D. having been taken
简析： 答案是A。检查考生对非谓语动词作状语的掌握和运用能力。take advantage of（利用）和句子主语More and more people构成主动关系，且和句子谓语sign up for(报名参加)同时发生，所以选择A。
2. Daddy didn’t mind what we were doing, as long as we were together,________fun. (2005重庆卷)
A. had B. have
C. to have D. having
简析： 答案是D。现在分词作状语表伴随的动作。
3. Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year,________a record US $57.65 a barrel on April 4. (2005山东卷)
A. have reached B. reaching
C. to reach D. to be reaching
简析： 答案是B。现在分词作状语表伴随的动作。
4. He glanced over at her,________that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together. (2005广东卷)
A. noting B. noted
C. to note D. having noted
简析： 答案是B。现在分词作状语表伴随的动作。
5. Having been attacked by terrorists,______. (2004上海)
A. doctors came to their rescue
B. the tall building collapsed
C. an emergency measure was taken
D. warnings were given to tourists
简析： 答案是A。Having been attacked by terrorists为分词短语，作全句的状语，其逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，故选B。
6. Alice returned from the manager’s office,________me that the boss wanted to see me at once. (2004全国Ⅳ)
A. having told B. tells
C. to tell D. telling
简析： 答案是D。现在分词作状语表伴随的动作。
7. “We can’t go out in this weather,” said Bob,________out of the window. (2004全国Ⅱ)
A. looking B. to look
C. looked D. having looked
简析： 答案是A。looking out of the window作said的伴随状语。Bob与look是主谓关系，所以此处作状语的分词应用现在分词。