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语法填空中的一个重要考点是,给出动词的原形,要求考生根据句子结构的需要给出其正确的形式。在五年高考题,每年必考两个小题,有时还会有三个小题。为此,本人试图以“形”“色”“时”“势”四个方面来谈谈语法填空之动词解题思路。
一、察“形”,确定性质
“形”即形式,重点从形式上观察句子结构,判断所给动词在句中作谓语还是非谓语。空格或括号中所给动词位于主语之后,又没有别的谓语动词,所给动词就是谓语动词。
请观察以下两组句子
1. A. When he_________(watch) TV, he fell asleep.
B. When _________(watch)TV, he fell asleep.
分析:A句,在when引导的时间状语从句中,watch位于主语he之后,且该从句中没有别的谓语动词,显然watch充当从句中的谓语。B句,虽有连词when,但没有主语,故不为从句,动词应为非谓语。(参考答案:A句was watching;B句watching)
2. A. He_________(tell) many times, but he still couldn’t understand it .
B. _________(tell) many times, he still couldn’t understand it.
分析:A句,tell在主语he之后,此分句中又没有别的谓语动词,tell应为谓语动词。B句中没有连词,在主语he后已有谓语动词couldn’t understand,所以tell应为非谓语动词。(参考答案:A句was told;B句Having been told)
二、观“色”,判别语态
“色”即货色,即判断谓语动词该用主动语态还是用被动语态,非谓语动词与其逻辑主语是主动关系还是被动关系。
1. Ms Chen_________(teach) me English since Junior 1, and to show my appreciation I decided to get her a present.
分析:因Ms Chen与teach是主动关系,所以要用主动语态。(参考答案:had taught / had been teaching)
2. I was certain she would like it because I _________(tell) by my classmates that she loved hot food.
分析:因及物动词tell后没有宾语,可知I与tell是被动关系,要用被动语态。(参考答案:was told)
有时还要考虑是直陈语气还是虚拟语气。如:
One of them was a visitor, saying he wouldn’t have been there if he_________(watch) the weather forecast the day before.
分析:因he与watch是主动关系,用主动语态;由wouldn’t have been与the day before可知,这是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。(参考答案:had watched)
3. We must practise speaking and _________(write) the language whenever we can.
分析:we与write是主动关系,因write与speaking并列作practise的宾语,所以也要用动名词,故填writing。
4. We must also consider the reaction of the person_________(receive) the gift.
分析:因the person与receive是主动关系,用现在分词作定语,故填receiving。
5. With the problem _________(solve), I felt proud of my achievement.
分析:因the problem与solve是被动关系,用过去分词作宾语补足语,故填solved。
6. A._________(see) from space, the earth looks blue.
B. _________(see) from space, we can see the earth is blue.
分析:句A中的the earth与see是被动关系,用过去分词,故填Seen。
句B中的we与see是主动关系,用现在分词,故填Seeing。
三、审“时”,确定时态
“时”即时态之意。在确定了主动或被动后,就要根据时间状语和上下文谓语动词的提示判断用哪种时态。若是现在分词,还要根据该动词的动作与谓语动词的动作发生的先后关系,确定用一般式、进行式,还是完成式。
1. By now researchers _________(discover) that interacting with animals lowers a person’s blood pressure.
分析:在主语researchers之后,discover应为谓语动词;researchers与discover是主动关系,要用主语态;由时间状语by now可知,要用现在完成时,故填have discovered。
2. A. The building _________(build) now will be a restaurant.
B. The building _________(build) next year will be a restaurant.
C. The building _________(build) last year is a restaurant.
分析:句A中now 说明大楼正在被修建,故用进行式,故填being built。
句B中next year说明大楼将在明年被修建,表将来,用不定式,故填to be built。
句C中last year说明大楼是去年被修建的,用过去分词,故填built。
3. A. He stood there_________(wait) for his mother.
B._________(wait) for two hours, he went away.
分析:句A的意思是“站在那儿等”,wait与stood这两个动作同时发生,作伴随状语,故用现在分词,故填waiting。
句B中的wait发生在went away之前,又有for two hours提醒,故用完成式,故填Having waited。
四、度“势”,重视语境
“势”即情景之意,也就是要求考生把握好上下文的语境。如果脱离或忽略了所给动词的语境,有时很难得出正确的答案。
1. All in a sudden, the squirrel_________(appear). We felt so sad.
分析:appear 有主语the squirrel之后,应为谓语动词;且the squirrel与appear是主动关系,用主动语态;由下句谓语动词felt可知,要用一般过去时;根据语境,即下句中的felt so sad可知,是the squirrel不见了,故填disappeared。
2. I noticed a man sitting at the front. He _________(pretend) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice.
分析:在主语He后,pretend显然是谓语动词;因he与pretend是主动关系,要用主动语态;由上下文谓语动词的时态可知,用过去时态;由语境,即后文的and giving可知,应用过去进行时,故填was pretending。
有时括号中给的动词,既不是谓语动词,也不是非谓语动词,可能是词性转换。如:
But Jane knew from past experience that her 36
(choose)of ties hardly ever pleased her father.(2009广东)
分析:在that引导的宾语从句中作主语应当用名词,或者说,在形容词性物主代词后,一定是用名词形式,故填choice。
总之,我们在做括号中给出动词的试题时,必须重视“观形、察色、审时、度势”四个环节,分清所给动词是做谓语还是非谓语,与主语或逻辑主语是主动关系还是被动关系,是用一般式、进行式还是完成时,此外,还要重视结合语境分析。这四个环节对这类填空题的解题思路指明了方向,为准确快速解答这类题增添了一把钥匙。这是本人多年教学的归纳和探索,希望对师生们有所裨益。
(作者单位:汕头市岐山中学)
责任编校 蒋小青
一、察“形”,确定性质
“形”即形式,重点从形式上观察句子结构,判断所给动词在句中作谓语还是非谓语。空格或括号中所给动词位于主语之后,又没有别的谓语动词,所给动词就是谓语动词。
请观察以下两组句子
1. A. When he_________(watch) TV, he fell asleep.
B. When _________(watch)TV, he fell asleep.
分析:A句,在when引导的时间状语从句中,watch位于主语he之后,且该从句中没有别的谓语动词,显然watch充当从句中的谓语。B句,虽有连词when,但没有主语,故不为从句,动词应为非谓语。(参考答案:A句was watching;B句watching)
2. A. He_________(tell) many times, but he still couldn’t understand it .
B. _________(tell) many times, he still couldn’t understand it.
分析:A句,tell在主语he之后,此分句中又没有别的谓语动词,tell应为谓语动词。B句中没有连词,在主语he后已有谓语动词couldn’t understand,所以tell应为非谓语动词。(参考答案:A句was told;B句Having been told)
二、观“色”,判别语态
“色”即货色,即判断谓语动词该用主动语态还是用被动语态,非谓语动词与其逻辑主语是主动关系还是被动关系。
1. Ms Chen_________(teach) me English since Junior 1, and to show my appreciation I decided to get her a present.
分析:因Ms Chen与teach是主动关系,所以要用主动语态。(参考答案:had taught / had been teaching)
2. I was certain she would like it because I _________(tell) by my classmates that she loved hot food.
分析:因及物动词tell后没有宾语,可知I与tell是被动关系,要用被动语态。(参考答案:was told)
有时还要考虑是直陈语气还是虚拟语气。如:
One of them was a visitor, saying he wouldn’t have been there if he_________(watch) the weather forecast the day before.
分析:因he与watch是主动关系,用主动语态;由wouldn’t have been与the day before可知,这是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。(参考答案:had watched)
3. We must practise speaking and _________(write) the language whenever we can.
分析:we与write是主动关系,因write与speaking并列作practise的宾语,所以也要用动名词,故填writing。
4. We must also consider the reaction of the person_________(receive) the gift.
分析:因the person与receive是主动关系,用现在分词作定语,故填receiving。
5. With the problem _________(solve), I felt proud of my achievement.
分析:因the problem与solve是被动关系,用过去分词作宾语补足语,故填solved。
6. A._________(see) from space, the earth looks blue.
B. _________(see) from space, we can see the earth is blue.
分析:句A中的the earth与see是被动关系,用过去分词,故填Seen。
句B中的we与see是主动关系,用现在分词,故填Seeing。
三、审“时”,确定时态
“时”即时态之意。在确定了主动或被动后,就要根据时间状语和上下文谓语动词的提示判断用哪种时态。若是现在分词,还要根据该动词的动作与谓语动词的动作发生的先后关系,确定用一般式、进行式,还是完成式。
1. By now researchers _________(discover) that interacting with animals lowers a person’s blood pressure.
分析:在主语researchers之后,discover应为谓语动词;researchers与discover是主动关系,要用主语态;由时间状语by now可知,要用现在完成时,故填have discovered。
2. A. The building _________(build) now will be a restaurant.
B. The building _________(build) next year will be a restaurant.
C. The building _________(build) last year is a restaurant.
分析:句A中now 说明大楼正在被修建,故用进行式,故填being built。
句B中next year说明大楼将在明年被修建,表将来,用不定式,故填to be built。
句C中last year说明大楼是去年被修建的,用过去分词,故填built。
3. A. He stood there_________(wait) for his mother.
B._________(wait) for two hours, he went away.
分析:句A的意思是“站在那儿等”,wait与stood这两个动作同时发生,作伴随状语,故用现在分词,故填waiting。
句B中的wait发生在went away之前,又有for two hours提醒,故用完成式,故填Having waited。
四、度“势”,重视语境
“势”即情景之意,也就是要求考生把握好上下文的语境。如果脱离或忽略了所给动词的语境,有时很难得出正确的答案。
1. All in a sudden, the squirrel_________(appear). We felt so sad.
分析:appear 有主语the squirrel之后,应为谓语动词;且the squirrel与appear是主动关系,用主动语态;由下句谓语动词felt可知,要用一般过去时;根据语境,即下句中的felt so sad可知,是the squirrel不见了,故填disappeared。
2. I noticed a man sitting at the front. He _________(pretend) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice.
分析:在主语He后,pretend显然是谓语动词;因he与pretend是主动关系,要用主动语态;由上下文谓语动词的时态可知,用过去时态;由语境,即后文的and giving可知,应用过去进行时,故填was pretending。
有时括号中给的动词,既不是谓语动词,也不是非谓语动词,可能是词性转换。如:
But Jane knew from past experience that her 36
(choose)of ties hardly ever pleased her father.(2009广东)
分析:在that引导的宾语从句中作主语应当用名词,或者说,在形容词性物主代词后,一定是用名词形式,故填choice。
总之,我们在做括号中给出动词的试题时,必须重视“观形、察色、审时、度势”四个环节,分清所给动词是做谓语还是非谓语,与主语或逻辑主语是主动关系还是被动关系,是用一般式、进行式还是完成时,此外,还要重视结合语境分析。这四个环节对这类填空题的解题思路指明了方向,为准确快速解答这类题增添了一把钥匙。这是本人多年教学的归纳和探索,希望对师生们有所裨益。
(作者单位:汕头市岐山中学)
责任编校 蒋小青