1862年,普罗旺斯埃克斯市一个灯光昏暗的画室中,保罗塞尚正仔细为一幅自画像勾勒最后一笔。与此同时,整个欧洲却在为另一种制图方式的出现而欣喜若狂。它彻底颠覆了肖像画的特权属性,重新定义了后者的商业价值。较之亲眼所见,人们更愿意相信照相机捕捉到的影像。正如霍桑笔下的主人公、达盖尔板摄影师霍尔格拉夫这样说道 In 1862, in a dimly lit studio in Aix-en-Provence, Paul Cezanne carefully sketched the last of a self-portrait. At the same time, Europe as a whole is overjoyed with the emergence of another drawing method. It completely subverts the privilege attributes of portraiture and redefines the commercial value of the latter. People are more likely to believe the image captured by the camera than what they see. As Hawthorne wrote about the protagonist, Daguerrell photographer Holgraf said