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(重庆市合川龙市中学 重庆 401500)
【摘要】"情态动词 have done" 是一个典型的融语言知识于语境的考查点,对他的考查符合新课改突出语用的基本要求,因此是一个高考的热点和重点,同时也是一个难点。本文中,我将结合自己多年的教学经验,对此难点做出解析,希望能抛砖引玉。
【关键词】情态动词 have done 过去事实 推测 虚拟语气
一、明确一个事实---与"过去事实"相关。
"情态动词 have done"主要有两个用法:表推测和表虚拟。无论是表达"推测",还是表达"虚拟",都与"过去已经发生的事实"紧密联系。如:
1.It must have rained last night ,for the ground is wet . 昨晚肯定下了雨,因为地面是湿的。(表推测)
2. If you had come yesterday, you would have met him .如果你昨天来了得话,你可能遇见他。(表虚拟)
二、掌握两个用法---表推测和虚拟。
(1)表推测。
"must/ can/could /may/might have done"等表示对过去事实的推测。就表示的可能性大小而言,must最大,can/could其次,may更次之,might最小。
① must have done 表示对过去某事的肯定猜测,意为:过去肯定做了某事。其否定形式为can’t /couldn’t have done .
例句:1.The lights were out .They must have been asleep .
2. I think that he couldn’t/can’t have gone abroad. I saw him just now.
【真题再现】
-She looks very happy. She ______ have passed the exam.
-I guess so. It’s not difficult after all. (2007 江蘇)
A. should B. could C. must D. might
【解析】此题考察情态动词表推测的用法。根据上下文句意可知:此次题目不难,因此她肯定是因为通过了这次考试,而看起来非常高兴。故选C
○2can/could have done表推测,一般用在否定句和疑问句中,表示不相信或怀疑[1]。
【真题再现】
She _____ have left school ,for her bike is still here . (2008天津)
A. can’t B. wouldn’t C. shouldn’t D. needn’t
【解析】由下文"她的自行车仍然在这里"可以推断出她应该没有离开学校。而shouldn’t have done 为本不应该;needn’t have done 为本没有必要;wouldn’t have done表示对过去事实的虚拟。故选A
(2)表虚拟语气。
○1. would /could /might have done 用于含if条件句的虚拟语气中,表示对过去事实的虚拟。
例句:If I had been free then , I would have attended your birthday party .
【真题再现】
If he ____ my advice ,he wouldn’t have lost his job . (2010 湖南)
A. followed B. should followed C. had followed D. would follow
【解析】根据句意"如果他当时接受了我的建议的话,就不会丢掉工作了(实际上丢掉了)",可知是对过去事实的虚拟,故选C
注意此用法的另外3种考查形式:
1. 省略现象----在条件句中可以把if省略,把were/ had / should 提到句首,变为倒装句。
例句:
Had you studied hard before ,you would be a graduate now .
= If you had studied hard before , you would be a graduate now.
2.含蓄虚拟语气 ------有时为了表达需要,在虚拟语气中并不是总出现if引导的条件句,而是通过介词、副词等其他手段来替代条件句。
【真题再现】
But for the help of my English teacher , I _____ the first prize in the English Writing Composition . (2009 福建) A. would not win B. would not have won C. would win D. would have win
【解析】根据句意"要是没有英语教师的帮助的话,我是不可能在这次的英语写作比赛中获得第一名的",可知这是对已经发生的事情进行的虚拟表达。故选B
○2.表示责备、抱怨、后悔等虚拟语气。
"情态动词 have done" 可以用来表示说话人所讲的与所发生的事实相反的情景,意为"本来......","不然早就......"等,表达了说话人的埋怨、后悔等语气,这是情态动词的一种虚拟语气用法。根据要表达的意思,有如下结构: 1.should/ought to have done表示"过去本应该做某事却未做"。其否定结构shouldn’t / oughtn’t to have done表示"過去本不该做某事却做了"。
例句:You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.
He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.(事实上已扔了。)
2.need have done表示"过去本有必要做某事却未做"。其否定结构needn’t have done表示"过去本没必要做某事却做了"。
例句:I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I needn’t have done so. The weather was hot.
【真题再现】
Mark _____ have hurried .After driving at top speed , he arrived half an hour early .(2010天津)
A. needn’t B. wouldn’t C. mustn’t D. couldn’t
【解析】根据句意"当他以最快速度驱车赶到目的地的时候,提前了半个小时",可知Mark本没有必要那么急匆匆地。为对已发生事实的虚拟表达。故选A
3.had better have done : 表示"最好当时干了某事,实际上却没干"
例句:You had better have come earlier . 当时你要是来早点就最好了(事实上来的很晚)
【结论】:熟练掌握"一个事实"和"两个用"法是应对"情态动词 have done"相关题目的诀窍。高考对表示推测的情态动词集中在must, can, could, may, might上,准确掌握它们使用的场合,以及熟练掌握他们的否定表达,是解决问题的关键;近几年高考对情态动词表示与过去事实相反的虚拟的用法情况,是考查的重点,主要侧重should (not)have done 这一句式上,在复习时,还应关注其它几种虚拟形式,如need (not)have done等等,以做到有备无患。
【参考文献】:
[1] 浅谈"情态动词 have done"结构 葛春艳 《青苹果》
【摘要】"情态动词 have done" 是一个典型的融语言知识于语境的考查点,对他的考查符合新课改突出语用的基本要求,因此是一个高考的热点和重点,同时也是一个难点。本文中,我将结合自己多年的教学经验,对此难点做出解析,希望能抛砖引玉。
【关键词】情态动词 have done 过去事实 推测 虚拟语气
一、明确一个事实---与"过去事实"相关。
"情态动词 have done"主要有两个用法:表推测和表虚拟。无论是表达"推测",还是表达"虚拟",都与"过去已经发生的事实"紧密联系。如:
1.It must have rained last night ,for the ground is wet . 昨晚肯定下了雨,因为地面是湿的。(表推测)
2. If you had come yesterday, you would have met him .如果你昨天来了得话,你可能遇见他。(表虚拟)
二、掌握两个用法---表推测和虚拟。
(1)表推测。
"must/ can/could /may/might have done"等表示对过去事实的推测。就表示的可能性大小而言,must最大,can/could其次,may更次之,might最小。
① must have done 表示对过去某事的肯定猜测,意为:过去肯定做了某事。其否定形式为can’t /couldn’t have done .
例句:1.The lights were out .They must have been asleep .
2. I think that he couldn’t/can’t have gone abroad. I saw him just now.
【真题再现】
-She looks very happy. She ______ have passed the exam.
-I guess so. It’s not difficult after all. (2007 江蘇)
A. should B. could C. must D. might
【解析】此题考察情态动词表推测的用法。根据上下文句意可知:此次题目不难,因此她肯定是因为通过了这次考试,而看起来非常高兴。故选C
○2can/could have done表推测,一般用在否定句和疑问句中,表示不相信或怀疑[1]。
【真题再现】
She _____ have left school ,for her bike is still here . (2008天津)
A. can’t B. wouldn’t C. shouldn’t D. needn’t
【解析】由下文"她的自行车仍然在这里"可以推断出她应该没有离开学校。而shouldn’t have done 为本不应该;needn’t have done 为本没有必要;wouldn’t have done表示对过去事实的虚拟。故选A
(2)表虚拟语气。
○1. would /could /might have done 用于含if条件句的虚拟语气中,表示对过去事实的虚拟。
例句:If I had been free then , I would have attended your birthday party .
【真题再现】
If he ____ my advice ,he wouldn’t have lost his job . (2010 湖南)
A. followed B. should followed C. had followed D. would follow
【解析】根据句意"如果他当时接受了我的建议的话,就不会丢掉工作了(实际上丢掉了)",可知是对过去事实的虚拟,故选C
注意此用法的另外3种考查形式:
1. 省略现象----在条件句中可以把if省略,把were/ had / should 提到句首,变为倒装句。
例句:
Had you studied hard before ,you would be a graduate now .
= If you had studied hard before , you would be a graduate now.
2.含蓄虚拟语气 ------有时为了表达需要,在虚拟语气中并不是总出现if引导的条件句,而是通过介词、副词等其他手段来替代条件句。
【真题再现】
But for the help of my English teacher , I _____ the first prize in the English Writing Composition . (2009 福建) A. would not win B. would not have won C. would win D. would have win
【解析】根据句意"要是没有英语教师的帮助的话,我是不可能在这次的英语写作比赛中获得第一名的",可知这是对已经发生的事情进行的虚拟表达。故选B
○2.表示责备、抱怨、后悔等虚拟语气。
"情态动词 have done" 可以用来表示说话人所讲的与所发生的事实相反的情景,意为"本来......","不然早就......"等,表达了说话人的埋怨、后悔等语气,这是情态动词的一种虚拟语气用法。根据要表达的意思,有如下结构: 1.should/ought to have done表示"过去本应该做某事却未做"。其否定结构shouldn’t / oughtn’t to have done表示"過去本不该做某事却做了"。
例句:You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.
He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.(事实上已扔了。)
2.need have done表示"过去本有必要做某事却未做"。其否定结构needn’t have done表示"过去本没必要做某事却做了"。
例句:I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I needn’t have done so. The weather was hot.
【真题再现】
Mark _____ have hurried .After driving at top speed , he arrived half an hour early .(2010天津)
A. needn’t B. wouldn’t C. mustn’t D. couldn’t
【解析】根据句意"当他以最快速度驱车赶到目的地的时候,提前了半个小时",可知Mark本没有必要那么急匆匆地。为对已发生事实的虚拟表达。故选A
3.had better have done : 表示"最好当时干了某事,实际上却没干"
例句:You had better have come earlier . 当时你要是来早点就最好了(事实上来的很晚)
【结论】:熟练掌握"一个事实"和"两个用"法是应对"情态动词 have done"相关题目的诀窍。高考对表示推测的情态动词集中在must, can, could, may, might上,准确掌握它们使用的场合,以及熟练掌握他们的否定表达,是解决问题的关键;近几年高考对情态动词表示与过去事实相反的虚拟的用法情况,是考查的重点,主要侧重should (not)have done 这一句式上,在复习时,还应关注其它几种虚拟形式,如need (not)have done等等,以做到有备无患。
【参考文献】:
[1] 浅谈"情态动词 have done"结构 葛春艳 《青苹果》