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【中图分类号】G424.79 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】1001-4128(2010)12-0110-03
英语高考阅读理解题目的设计不外乎四大类：细节理解类，细节推断类，词义猜测类和篇章结构类。其中细节理解类题目，考生只需要从文章中找到信息点，只要能读懂，就能得分。细节推断类则需要考生不但要找到信息点，还要对相关信息进行比对，综合考虑该信息点所暗含的意思，然后做出合理判断从而得分。词义猜测类与上两类相似，只是细节精确到一个划线词而已。这三类题目的解题关键是耐心和细心，加上一定的语言基础。多数考生在做阅读理解题目时能够理解文章所说的大致意思。但一涉及到整篇文章的框架分析，常觉得很难驾驭。这是因为篇章结构类题目需要的是解构文章框架的能力。相对来讲，这是一种更高级、更综合、更高屋建瓴的阅读能力，从而也成为许多考生阅读理解方面的“瓶颈”。本文将对篇章结构类题目的设题特点、能力要求、解题技巧与阅读能力培养方面进行专门论述，希望对广大考生有所助益。
篇章结构类题目通常包括：询问文章的主旨、段落大意、文体特征、写作意图；选择文章的最佳标题、某一段落的主题句；或者推断该文章前后段落的主题等。常见问题设置形式如下：
1. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
2. What’s the main idea of this passage?
3. What’s the purpose of writing this passage?
4. Where is this passage most likely to appear?
5. Which of the following sentence can be put at the beginning of the second paragraph?
6. What topic will the paragraph before (/behind) this paragraph talk about?
解答篇章结构类题目，要求考生能够正确解构文章框架，从作者的角度出发去体会主题和内容要点之间的逻辑关系，从写作的思维出发去考虑写作的目的与材料的整合和语体的选择。这种对于文章框架的解构能力，要求的正是写作的谋篇布局能力。
写作的谋篇布局能力要求作者根据写作意图合理安排写作素材。作者要能够根据标题合理地展开段落，完成一篇有理有据、有始有终的文章。同时还要根据写作意图对内容素材进行有针对性的取舍与合理的详略安排以及选用恰当的语言风格。
例如：请您以 “Yao Ming”为题写一篇文章，您会写什么呢？应该有姚明其人的家庭背景、教育状况、相貌、生平大事记、成就、名誉等吧。如果题目换成 “Yao Ming’s Achievements” 呢？那就只需要详细列举他在几方面取得的突出成就，写清楚具体的时间地点和荣誉称号以及轰动效应就可以了。若以 “Yao Ming’s dream”为题，就应该从他小时候梦想的形成机缘写起，写到梦想的具体内容和他为实现梦想所做的努力以及他的新的梦想等。同样，如果题目是 “Yao Ming, a model worker”，恐怕还是要对姚明其人进行一些简单的背景介绍，然后重点落在他会被评为全国劳模的原因即他的模范事迹上。
[示例1]：阅读下面一段文章，完成文后的题目。
Everywhere you will always find “the white-haired boy”. He gets special treatment, as if he were above everybody else. You will find him in school, at home, or where you work.
In school, he is the teacher’s pet, her darling who can do nothing wrong. He is always raising his hand, ready with an answer to the teacher’s questions. And he knows all the answers. He “gets into your hair”, especially if you are at the bottom of the class and the teacher thinks you are stupid. How you hate the white-haired boy!
At home, “the white-haired boy” is mother’s choice, her favorite. Sometimes, he is the oldest son——at times, the youngest. If you are in between, you are out of luck.
On the job, you might meet another of these “white-haired boys”; you cannot escape him. For some strange reason, he is the man who always moves ahead. He gets better and better jobs, with more and more money.
Then, you discover that there are others who share your feelings——ready to “let their hair down”——to tell you their private thoughts. One of them asks: “What does he have that I haven’t got?” You ask yourself the same question.
Finally, there comes a day when you decide to stop hating him. Is it perhaps because he has been made boss and you find yourself working for him?
[问题]：Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. Try to Be Attractive
B. Let Their Hair Down
C. The White-haired Boy
D. The Top Student
[解析]：解题时，先仔细分析几个选项。如果A选项作为标题，文章中应该提到为什么要try to be attractive以及如何才能做到attractive，或者某个人在try的过程中遇到的失败或有趣的经历等；如果B选项做标题，文章中应该提到为什么要let their hair down 以及如何才能做到这一点，或者讲一个人通过个人努力或一些非常手段成功了的故事；根据文章看，第一段的主题句是“You will find the white-haired boy in school, at home, or where you work.”，接下来的三段则分别写in school, at home, 和where you work这三个不同地点the white-haired boy的不同表现，第四、五段写大家对于the white-haired boy的态度以及转变。所以the white-haired boy是个贯穿全文的中心词，而且the white-haired boy指的不是同一个人，而是在不同阶段和不同地点总有这样的人。综上所述，正确答案应该是C。
[示例2]：将下列句子按正确的顺序排列起来，使段落逻辑通顺、行文流畅。
①Another way to improve your listening comprehension is to watch English news programs on TV or to listen to English-language radio programs.
②Besides focusing on listening and writing skills, you should also take every opportunity to speak English in and after class.
③I’ve been doing all these things, so I have made great progress in learning English.
④Today, I would like to tell you about different ways to study English.
⑤Secondly, you might want to watch some English-language films, as they make practicing English listening a lot more interesting.
⑥Thirdly, you should work on your writing by keeping a diary in English.
⑦Firstly, you should be sure to read some English newspapers every day.
⑧ For example, you can read articles in China Daily.
[解析]：正确的顺序是：④⑦⑧⑤①⑥②③。其中④是段落的首句，③是尾句，中间部分的⑦⑤⑥几句顺序也是很好确定的。而第⑧句，因为有“for example”这一过渡词，很容易判断出来是跟在某一要点后面作为补充的，又因为句中提到的是报纸阅读，可以判断是跟在“firstly”那一点后面的。第①句中有“another”这一过渡词，又提到听力训练，可以判断是跟在“secondly”那一点后面的。第②句中有“besides”这一过渡词，又提到听力和写作，应该在讲听力的“secondly”和讲写作的“thirdly”之后出现。综上所述，在判断要点的正确 “出场次序”时，过渡词和主题句都起到了举足轻重的作用。
[示例3]： 阅读下列文段，回答文后的问题。
①How can you protect your hearing? ②First and above all, experts suggest turning down the volume and reducing the amount of time you spend listening to music on a portable player. ③A recent poll in the US found that 51% of high school students and 37% of adults have experienced at least one symptom of hearing loss. ④Most students said they used their portable music players for less than an hour at a time. ⑤And 59% of students said they played music at a high volume. ⑥They think, however, that these players are leading to hearing problems. ⑦So, for your own sake, turn down the volume and reduce your time in enjoying portable music as much as possible.
[问题1]：What is purpose of writing this paragraph?
A. To tell us how to protect our hearing.
B. To call on us to turn down the volume when listening to music.
C. To discourage the using of portable players.
D. To show us the results of a recent poll about hearing loss.
[问题2]：What will probably be talked about in the following paragraph?
A. Other dangers of enjoying too much portable music.
B. Other symptoms of hearing loss.
C. Other ways to protect our hearing.
D. More researches about adults’ hearing loss.
[解析]：问题1的答案是A。因为这一段落的主题句就是第①句。这一句提出了问题，后面的句子就是提出解决办法的，并加以事实和数据的论证。最后一句又回扣主题，谈的还是保护听力的问题。
问题2的答案是C。因为在第①句提出了问题之后，第②句的开头用了“first and above all”这样的过渡词，而在这一段的后面没有出现“second, also, besides, in addition”等过渡词，可以判断与之相呼应的过渡词应该出现在下一段。那么下一段应该还是为解决第①句提出的问题服务的，故选C。
对于这种谋篇布局的写作能力或者解构文章框架的阅读能力的培养，也不是一朝一夕之功。首先，向课堂要效益。在所有版本的英语教材中都有大量的阅读材料，而老师在帮助学生理解这些阅读材料时，总要分析文章的框架结构和内容要点的。所以在课堂上认真体会老师提示的理解文章的步骤，思考如何才能又快又好地列出文章内容的简明提纲，就是对于篇章结构类阅读理解题目的解题能力最好的培养方式。其次，向写作要效益。经常给自己一些命题，尝试着列出相应的写作提纲，练习审题能力；然后再将提纲发展成文章，练习主题句的提炼以及内容之间的衔接与过渡能力。如果能与同学一起练习，然后互相品评，交流心得，效果会更好。再者，熟能生巧。经常进行有针对性的阅读理解题目的训练，经常反思，经常总结经验。所谓“实践出真知”，解题能力就是这么日积月累、潜移默化地培养起来的。
英语高考阅读理解题目的设计不外乎四大类：细节理解类，细节推断类，词义猜测类和篇章结构类。其中细节理解类题目，考生只需要从文章中找到信息点，只要能读懂，就能得分。细节推断类则需要考生不但要找到信息点，还要对相关信息进行比对，综合考虑该信息点所暗含的意思，然后做出合理判断从而得分。词义猜测类与上两类相似，只是细节精确到一个划线词而已。这三类题目的解题关键是耐心和细心，加上一定的语言基础。多数考生在做阅读理解题目时能够理解文章所说的大致意思。但一涉及到整篇文章的框架分析，常觉得很难驾驭。这是因为篇章结构类题目需要的是解构文章框架的能力。相对来讲，这是一种更高级、更综合、更高屋建瓴的阅读能力，从而也成为许多考生阅读理解方面的“瓶颈”。本文将对篇章结构类题目的设题特点、能力要求、解题技巧与阅读能力培养方面进行专门论述，希望对广大考生有所助益。
篇章结构类题目通常包括：询问文章的主旨、段落大意、文体特征、写作意图；选择文章的最佳标题、某一段落的主题句；或者推断该文章前后段落的主题等。常见问题设置形式如下：
1. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
2. What’s the main idea of this passage?
3. What’s the purpose of writing this passage?
4. Where is this passage most likely to appear?
5. Which of the following sentence can be put at the beginning of the second paragraph?
6. What topic will the paragraph before (/behind) this paragraph talk about?
解答篇章结构类题目，要求考生能够正确解构文章框架，从作者的角度出发去体会主题和内容要点之间的逻辑关系，从写作的思维出发去考虑写作的目的与材料的整合和语体的选择。这种对于文章框架的解构能力，要求的正是写作的谋篇布局能力。
写作的谋篇布局能力要求作者根据写作意图合理安排写作素材。作者要能够根据标题合理地展开段落，完成一篇有理有据、有始有终的文章。同时还要根据写作意图对内容素材进行有针对性的取舍与合理的详略安排以及选用恰当的语言风格。
例如：请您以 “Yao Ming”为题写一篇文章，您会写什么呢？应该有姚明其人的家庭背景、教育状况、相貌、生平大事记、成就、名誉等吧。如果题目换成 “Yao Ming’s Achievements” 呢？那就只需要详细列举他在几方面取得的突出成就，写清楚具体的时间地点和荣誉称号以及轰动效应就可以了。若以 “Yao Ming’s dream”为题，就应该从他小时候梦想的形成机缘写起，写到梦想的具体内容和他为实现梦想所做的努力以及他的新的梦想等。同样，如果题目是 “Yao Ming, a model worker”，恐怕还是要对姚明其人进行一些简单的背景介绍，然后重点落在他会被评为全国劳模的原因即他的模范事迹上。
[示例1]：阅读下面一段文章，完成文后的题目。
Everywhere you will always find “the white-haired boy”. He gets special treatment, as if he were above everybody else. You will find him in school, at home, or where you work.
In school, he is the teacher’s pet, her darling who can do nothing wrong. He is always raising his hand, ready with an answer to the teacher’s questions. And he knows all the answers. He “gets into your hair”, especially if you are at the bottom of the class and the teacher thinks you are stupid. How you hate the white-haired boy!
At home, “the white-haired boy” is mother’s choice, her favorite. Sometimes, he is the oldest son——at times, the youngest. If you are in between, you are out of luck.
On the job, you might meet another of these “white-haired boys”; you cannot escape him. For some strange reason, he is the man who always moves ahead. He gets better and better jobs, with more and more money.
Then, you discover that there are others who share your feelings——ready to “let their hair down”——to tell you their private thoughts. One of them asks: “What does he have that I haven’t got?” You ask yourself the same question.
Finally, there comes a day when you decide to stop hating him. Is it perhaps because he has been made boss and you find yourself working for him?
[问题]：Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. Try to Be Attractive
B. Let Their Hair Down
C. The White-haired Boy
D. The Top Student
[解析]：解题时，先仔细分析几个选项。如果A选项作为标题，文章中应该提到为什么要try to be attractive以及如何才能做到attractive，或者某个人在try的过程中遇到的失败或有趣的经历等；如果B选项做标题，文章中应该提到为什么要let their hair down 以及如何才能做到这一点，或者讲一个人通过个人努力或一些非常手段成功了的故事；根据文章看，第一段的主题句是“You will find the white-haired boy in school, at home, or where you work.”，接下来的三段则分别写in school, at home, 和where you work这三个不同地点the white-haired boy的不同表现，第四、五段写大家对于the white-haired boy的态度以及转变。所以the white-haired boy是个贯穿全文的中心词，而且the white-haired boy指的不是同一个人，而是在不同阶段和不同地点总有这样的人。综上所述，正确答案应该是C。
[示例2]：将下列句子按正确的顺序排列起来，使段落逻辑通顺、行文流畅。
①Another way to improve your listening comprehension is to watch English news programs on TV or to listen to English-language radio programs.
②Besides focusing on listening and writing skills, you should also take every opportunity to speak English in and after class.
③I’ve been doing all these things, so I have made great progress in learning English.
④Today, I would like to tell you about different ways to study English.
⑤Secondly, you might want to watch some English-language films, as they make practicing English listening a lot more interesting.
⑥Thirdly, you should work on your writing by keeping a diary in English.
⑦Firstly, you should be sure to read some English newspapers every day.
⑧ For example, you can read articles in China Daily.
[解析]：正确的顺序是：④⑦⑧⑤①⑥②③。其中④是段落的首句，③是尾句，中间部分的⑦⑤⑥几句顺序也是很好确定的。而第⑧句，因为有“for example”这一过渡词，很容易判断出来是跟在某一要点后面作为补充的，又因为句中提到的是报纸阅读，可以判断是跟在“firstly”那一点后面的。第①句中有“another”这一过渡词，又提到听力训练，可以判断是跟在“secondly”那一点后面的。第②句中有“besides”这一过渡词，又提到听力和写作，应该在讲听力的“secondly”和讲写作的“thirdly”之后出现。综上所述，在判断要点的正确 “出场次序”时，过渡词和主题句都起到了举足轻重的作用。
[示例3]： 阅读下列文段，回答文后的问题。
①How can you protect your hearing? ②First and above all, experts suggest turning down the volume and reducing the amount of time you spend listening to music on a portable player. ③A recent poll in the US found that 51% of high school students and 37% of adults have experienced at least one symptom of hearing loss. ④Most students said they used their portable music players for less than an hour at a time. ⑤And 59% of students said they played music at a high volume. ⑥They think, however, that these players are leading to hearing problems. ⑦So, for your own sake, turn down the volume and reduce your time in enjoying portable music as much as possible.
[问题1]：What is purpose of writing this paragraph?
A. To tell us how to protect our hearing.
B. To call on us to turn down the volume when listening to music.
C. To discourage the using of portable players.
D. To show us the results of a recent poll about hearing loss.
[问题2]：What will probably be talked about in the following paragraph?
A. Other dangers of enjoying too much portable music.
B. Other symptoms of hearing loss.
C. Other ways to protect our hearing.
D. More researches about adults’ hearing loss.
[解析]：问题1的答案是A。因为这一段落的主题句就是第①句。这一句提出了问题，后面的句子就是提出解决办法的，并加以事实和数据的论证。最后一句又回扣主题，谈的还是保护听力的问题。
问题2的答案是C。因为在第①句提出了问题之后，第②句的开头用了“first and above all”这样的过渡词，而在这一段的后面没有出现“second, also, besides, in addition”等过渡词，可以判断与之相呼应的过渡词应该出现在下一段。那么下一段应该还是为解决第①句提出的问题服务的，故选C。
对于这种谋篇布局的写作能力或者解构文章框架的阅读能力的培养，也不是一朝一夕之功。首先，向课堂要效益。在所有版本的英语教材中都有大量的阅读材料，而老师在帮助学生理解这些阅读材料时，总要分析文章的框架结构和内容要点的。所以在课堂上认真体会老师提示的理解文章的步骤，思考如何才能又快又好地列出文章内容的简明提纲，就是对于篇章结构类阅读理解题目的解题能力最好的培养方式。其次，向写作要效益。经常给自己一些命题，尝试着列出相应的写作提纲，练习审题能力；然后再将提纲发展成文章，练习主题句的提炼以及内容之间的衔接与过渡能力。如果能与同学一起练习，然后互相品评，交流心得，效果会更好。再者，熟能生巧。经常进行有针对性的阅读理解题目的训练，经常反思，经常总结经验。所谓“实践出真知”，解题能力就是这么日积月累、潜移默化地培养起来的。