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晚清洋务运动期间,洋务派主张学习西方先进技术以图强,但是多数官员提出整顿内政以图自强,双方激烈交锋,廷议纷争,这时京师官场崛起了一个被人称为“清流党”的带有政治集团性质的派别。张之洞由于其经历、学识、性格等多方面的原因,在洋务运动大兴之时,跻身倾向保守的清流党,并成为清流砥柱。但是,1881年,在清流党逐步鼎盛之时,出任山西巡抚的张之洞却逐渐从“清流”向“洋务”转
During the late Qing Westernization Movement, the Westernization School advocated studying Western advanced technology in an attempt to strengthen the government. However, most officials proposed to rectify the internal affairs in an attempt to be self-reliant and the two sides fiercely confronted each other and decided on the dispute. At this time, “With a political group of factions. Due to many reasons such as his experience, his knowledge and his personality, Zhang Zhidong became one of the mainstay of the Qing Dynasty when the Westernization Movement was flourishing. However, in 1881, at the time when the Qingliu Party was gradually prosperous, Zhang Zhidong, a governor of Shanxi Province, gradually shifted from ”Qingliu“ to ”Yangwu"