Discussion on Global Public Housing Purchase Schemes

来源 :西江文艺 | 被引量 : 0次 | 上传用户:txhalyy
下载到本地 , 更方便阅读
声明 : 本文档内容版权归属内容提供方 , 如果您对本文有版权争议 , 可与客服联系进行内容授权或下架
论文部分内容阅读
  【Abstract】: In many nations and cities, selling public housing is an important government tool to increase home ownership rate of resident households. It plays an important role in public housing system to establish a link between affordable housing and home ownership. Those purchase schemes are widely argued. The paper will discuss pros and cons.
  【Key words】: purchase scheme, public rental housing, right to buy
  1.1 Global public housing purchase schemes
  In the UK, the Right to Buy scheme is put into effect to encourage secure tenants of UK councils and housing associations with the legal Right to Buy their home in which they are living in at a large discount. In 1980, the Housing Act introduced ‘Right to Buy’, which has attracted wide attention, with over two million homes sold under this scheme (Ginsburg, 2005)[1]. The purchase application requirements differ in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland in the UK. Currently, it is observed that Scotland and Wales are already receiving less interest in the ‘Right to Buy’ policy than England. Scotland’s’ government is preparing to end the tenants right of buying any council house by the 1 August 2016. Meanwhile, in order to protect Wales’ social housing stock, the Welsh government also banned all sales of council homes in 2015.
  Singapore has developed a unique housing system with homeownership financed through Central Provident Fund (CPF) savings and around 3/4 of its housing stock built and managed by the Housing and Development Board (HDB). Up until 2013, around 80% of local residents lived in public housing that was provided by HDB, with 95% of them having ownership of their accommodation (Field, 1987) [2]. According to the Singaporean government, one of the government objectives is to achieve a fully home-owning society by the end of the twentieth century. The Home Ownership Schemes that encourage secure tenants to enjoy their rights of owning their own public houses was introduced in 1964. Consequently, Home Ownership Schemes have achieved a great success, which indicates the rent rate decrease of public housing in Singapore with majority of citizens have already have their own homes.
  In December 1997, Hong Kong introduced the Tenants Purchase Scheme, which allows tenants who rented public housing from the Hong Kong housing authority to buy the flats they reside in. In Hong Kong, the first three phases have already achieved significant process in promoting the Tenants Purchase Scheme. In January 1998, there were around 27,000 flats offered for sale in six estates in the first phase. Following this, during the second phase and third phase, the Hong Kong government provided further housing stock in March 1999 and January 2000 with approximately 27 thousand flats offered in total. From the statistics detailing the Hong Kong tenants perception, there are 67.5% tenants applying for public housing in second phase and approximately 87% of tenants had indicated that they would like to purchase public housing under the Tenants Purchase Scheme. According to Hong Kong’s three-year program plan, there were around 104 thousand flats in 21 estates on sale from 2001 to 2003. The aim of the Tenants Purchase Schemes is to guarantee that at least 250 thousand families can purchase affordable public housing in the 10 years following the introduction of the schemes in Hong Kong.   1.2 Public housing purchase schemes: an international critique
  Pros:
  ●Bring a considerable amount of sale receipts to local or central government(Disney and Luo 2014)[3]
  ●Provide financial security to the majority of the population ( King 2010) [4].
  ●To some extent, Right to Buy promotes mixed tenure. Those purchase schemes promote communities with mixed of incomes, of different tenures and of social characters (Tunstall 2002) [5].
  ●According to those purchase schemes in the UK, Hong Kong and Singapore, it provides people with more choices and they can also sell the house according to contracts.
  Cons:
  ●Public assets with heavy discounts are sold at an unreasonably low price ( Kleinhans and Van Ham 2013) [6].
  ●The public rental housing stock and the total public housing resource will decrease if most of the public housing is sold. It may cause middle-low income groups to be unable to easily access housing resources in future (Pawson and Mullins 2009) [7].
  ●It is possible that individuals or speculating investors make a substantial profit from what were once public assets (Kleinhans et al. 2013) .
  ●The public housing with more advantages will be sold firstly. Then those left in the public housing stock will finally concentrate on some remote and undesirable locations (Kleinhans et al. 2013) .
  ●The purchase policy can increase the gap between the rich and poor (Arthurson 2010)[8].
  ●Mixed public housing includes renter and purchaser increase the possibility of conflicts(Arthurson 2010, p.1).
  Works Cited
  [1] Ginsburg, N. 2005. The privatization of council housing. Critical Social Policy 25(1), pp. 115-135.
  [2] Field, B. 1987. Public housing in Singapore. Land Use Policy 4(2), pp.147-156.
  [3] Disney, R. and Luo, G. 2014. The right to buy social housing in Britain: a welfare analysis. IFS Working Papers.
  [4] King, P. 2010. Housing Policy Transformed: The right to buy and the desire to own. Policy Press.
  [5] Tunstall, R. 2002. The promotion of mixed tenure: in search of the evidence base. In Housing Studies Association Conference, York: Spring.
  [6] Kleinhans, R. and Van Ham, M.2013. Lessons learned from the largest tenure-mix operation in the world: Right to buy in the United Kingdom. Cityscape, pp. 101-117.
  [7] Pawson, H. and Mullins, D. 2010. After Council Housing: Britain’s New Social Landlords, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  [8] Arthurson, K. 2010. Operationalising social mix: Spatial scale, lifestyle and stigma as mediating points in resident interaction. Urban Policy and Research 28(1), pp. 49-63.
其他文献
【摘要】:社会经济的快速发展,推动了矿区开采事业的不断进步,对于更好的满足社会需求起到了总要的促进作用。但矿区开采容易导致出现影响环境的问题,而且还会出现安全生产事故,进而对矿区开采的持续进行产生严重影响。当前,人们对于矿区的和谐建设与管理越发关注,期望通过对矿区的和谐建设,来实现对矿区环境破坏的最小化,和安全生产效益的最大化。本文通过对和谐矿区建设与管理方法进行分析,以期更好的满足矿区开采需求。
期刊
【摘要】:本文主要对油田企业项目的管理体系中精细化建设进行分析和研究,以提高油田羡慕的管理技术和控制技術,降低油田项目的成本,达到油田项目的最大利益。  【关键词】:精细化管理;油田项目;管理体系  0.引言  精细化管理油田项目的重要性主要由油田项目的石油经济和产业特点共同决定,未来的油田项目管理必然趋向于精细化管理,这是整个行业的必然趋势,将会使该行业项目的控制更加的专业化和技术化。对油田的项
期刊
【摘要】:现代的建筑施工的过程中,有着长的建筑周期和大的工作量,所以在建筑的过程中对环境的影响是不可避免的。总结了在施工的过程中存在的各种污染,包括噪音,泥浆,水土流失,废弃物等方面。所以针对在施工过程中的污染对环境造成的影响,进行研究和提出相应的措施。  【关键词】:建筑工程;施工;环境污染;绿色施工  随着社会经济的发展,人们生活水平的提高,社会对住宅的需求量大大增加。但是在建筑施工过程中对环
期刊
【摘要】:本文展开对企业工商管理现状分析及发展方向的探讨,其主要目的在于了解当前企业刚上管理的发展情况,以及其未来的发展趋势。在经济快速发展的现代社会中,我国逐渐由以往的计划经济体制发展为现阶段的市场经济体制,在此新的形势下,各企业均取得了较为显著的发展。在企业经营发展中,提升工商管理能力和水平,能够为企业综合竞争实力的提升奠定基础。就目前企业工商管理的发展现状而言,虽然其在发展中取得不错的成就,
期刊
【摘要】:统一战线是各项事业取得胜利的重要法宝,在“五位一体”中国特色社会主义现代化建设总布局中,生态文明建设同样需要统一战线思想的运用和作用的发挥。因此,加强共识教育、建立协调机制……群策群力完成生态文明建设目标是现实的需求,发展的必然。  【关键词】:生态文明;统一战线;重要法宝  2007年,中共十七大首次正式提出生态文明建设理念。时隔五年,中共十八大再次强调生态文明建设的重要性,把生态文明
期刊
【摘要】:近年来,各类危机事件频繁发生,这给基层政府危机应对能力带来明显的挑战:一方面,基层政府自身在应对公共危机时存在许多不足之处,另一方面,政府外部也存在许多问题。事实上,在威宁县的特大洪灾中,政府应对时在能力方面存在不足,这给基层政府提升公共危机应对能力提供了重要的借鉴。因此既应加强基层政府应对公共危机的能力,以便壮大基层政府自身的力量,又应注重改造外部环境,从而使基层政府能更好的应对公共危
期刊
【摘要】:传媒作为科技推动下新增加的一种人们获取信息的手段,也具备其本身特有的经济属性,在飞速发展和融合的作用下,传媒逐渐演变成一种独立的产业并且在我国经济发展中成为国民经济支柱性产业。  【关键词】:传媒经济,国民经济,内容为王  一、我国传媒经济的萌芽与发展  改革开放以前,传媒经济学在我国并没有足够大的空间得以自由发展,传媒一直被政府所统治,作为宣传党和政府的喉舌。我国早期的传媒经济无可否认
期刊
【摘要】:怀旧广告是在广告诉求和表现上对人类怀旧心理的运用,通过怀旧的情感共鸣引发品牌关注和认可的一种广告策略。“80后”是出生于20世纪80年代的人,他们现在已经成为了各类商品消费的主力军;而媒介上大量的广告充满了空洞的感官刺激,使得怀旧广告净化心灵、获取力量的作用显现出来。通过对“80后”怀旧对象及特征的调查分析对以“80后”为目标消费群体的怀旧广告创作提出了建议。  【关键词】:“80后”;
期刊
【摘要】:由于时代的不断变迁和发展,在营销管理中,石油销售企业也遇到一些问题,因此,必须对营销管理重新认识,总结经验,改善营销管理的模式。本文主要对石油企业中营销管理水平进行分析,以解决石油企业在营销管理中的问题,并提供新的营销模式。  【关键词】:销售水平;营销管理;石油企业  0.引言  就目前而言,石油市场的竞争日益激烈,人们也日益重视市场经济理念,石油市场的主要核心是销售石油的企业,这些企
期刊
【摘要】:人口老龄化问题在中国以日益凸显,我国目前已初步步入老龄化社会,随之而来是各种社会民生问题。本文通过对中国人口老龄化问题的背景和现状分析,初步提了人口老龄化带来的部分问题,并给出相应的处理方法。以其能为社会养老工作提可参考的行动方案,为研究该问题的学者可借鉴的文献资料。  【关键词】:人口老龄化;社会养老;养老资源分配;人口老龄化应对  (一)人口老龄化的背景及成因  根据国家统计局《20
期刊