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随时掌控信息对古往今来的任何政府都是至关重要的,在决策中,最直接的依据就是通过各种途径搜集的相关信息。正确的决策离不开及时、准确的信息情报,作为中枢决策之一的对外决策也是如此。北宋政府历来十分重视信息情报的搜集工作,通过多种途径搜集周边各政权的信息情报。对于关系重大的契丹和西夏,更是毫不放松地搜集和刺探该国各方面的信息情报。北宋搜集外交情报的途径多种多样,在其中,出使使臣的情报搜集活动占据着重要地位。此前学界关于北宋出使使臣的研究,主要集中于交聘制度、使臣的选拔与管理等方面,有关使臣进行情报搜集和刺探的专题研究甚少,本文试针对此问题进行考察。
Keeping control of information at any time is of crucial importance to any government from the past to the present, and the most direct basis for making decisions is the relevant information collected through various channels. The correct decision-making is inseparable from timely and accurate information and intelligence, as one of the central decisions of foreign policy-making as well. The Northern Song Dynasty government has always attached great importance to the collection of information and intelligence and has collected information and intelligence from the various political powers in various ways. For Khitan and Xixia, which are of great significance, it is even more time for them to gather and probe the information and intelligence in all aspects of the country. There are various ways in which the Song Dynasty collects diplomatic intelligence, in which the intelligence gathering activities of sending envoys occupy an important position. Earlier academics on the Northern Song Dynasty envoys envoy’s research, mainly focused on the employment system, the envoys of the selection and management aspects, the envoy intelligence gathering and spying on the topic of research rarely, this article is to examine this issue.