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摘 要:英语中被动结构的句子十分常见,虽然汉语有时也用被动语态,但比较起来却很少见。那么,译成中文时应如何去处理英语中大量的被动语态呢?如何使译文成为符合语言习惯的、规范的现代汉语呢?本文将从四个方面归纳英语被动语态译成中文时的几种常见方法。
1.将被动句改译成主动句。
如果原文是被动语态,译成中文的被动语态显得很不合适,或者不大自然,就不妨改为主动语态,这种情况大致包括四种类型。
1.1 原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。
例如:(1) The subject will be treated more fully later.这个主题稍后将详细讨论。(2)This room must be tidied up.房间该收拾一下了。
1.2 原文中的主语在译文中做宾语。
例如:(1)Life cannot be understood without much charity.没有爱心,就无法了解人生。(2)I’m afraid I shall be laughed at.我怕人家笑我。
1.3 改译成汉语的判断句,即带表语的主动句。这种翻译法一般适用于加强语气的判断句。
例如:(1)The book was bought in Beijing这本书是在北京买的。
(2)A knowledge of statistics is required for the analysis of data.
要做资料分析,具备统计学知识是必要的。
2.将被动句改译成被动句。
汉语虽然较少运用被动语态,但有时也用被动语态结构来着重强调被动的动作,同时也是为了保留原文的主语,因为它往往是注意力集中的人或事物。将英语被动句译成中文被动句时,除了运用“被”字外,往往还借助“挨、遭、遇、教、应、让、给、受、获、承、蒙、得、邀、见、由(为)…所、因…予以、加以”等字眼。翻译时可以灵活运用,以达到译文活泼,传神的效果。如:(1)Even in those years he was paid high respect.即使在那几年,他仍很受尊重。(2)He was made fun of by all his classmates.他遭到全班同学嘲弄。
3.將英语被动句改译成“把”、“使”和“由”字句。
例如:(1)Every country will be represented by its Prime Minister or Foreign Minister.各国将由总理或外交部长任代表
(2)Natural light or “white” light is made up of many colors.自然光或“白光”是由许多颜色组成的。
(3)Rivers are controlled by dams. 拦河坝把河流控制住了。
(4)He was regarded as a Republican by everyone,even though he had always thought of himself as an “independent”.
所有人都把他看成共和党人。尽管他一直认为自己是“无党派人士”。
(5) The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.
大火使这著名的旅馆几乎全部毁灭。
4. 改译成汉语的无主句。
如果根据上下文或者谈话当时的环境,能够明白行为的主体是什么,或者出于礼貌和语气关系,可以采用这种译法。
(1)No arrangements have been solved.
没做好安排。
(2)A chemical equation must be balanced.
必须平衡化学方程式。
(3)More people will be sent to work there.
要派更多的人到那里工作。
(4)Two were killed, nine were wounded.
打死了两名,打伤了九名。
(5)Another railway will be built there.
那里还要修筑一条铁路。
(6) So far no conclusion has been arrived at.
到现在为止,还没有得出结论。
5.一些常用被动句型的翻译。
这类句型是以it 作为形式主语的被动结构,翻译时,可译成无主句,亦可加上适当的不确定的主语。如:
It is said that… 据说,有人说
It is well-known that …众所周知,大家都知道
It is believed that…人们相信,大家相信
It is reported that…据报道,据通报
It is learned that…据闻,据说,已查明
It is found that…据发现,人们认为
It is considered that…据估计,人们认为
It is felt that…有人感觉到,人们认为
It is thought that…有人认为
It is noticed that…人们注意,有人指出 It is announced that…据称,有人宣称
It is sometimes asked that…人们有时会问
It will be seen that…可见,可以看出
It will be seen from this that…由此可见
It should be pointed out that…必须(应该)指出
It is supposed that…据推测,假设,人们猜测
It is asserted that…有人主張
It was described that…据介绍,有人介绍说
It is predicted that …据估计,预计
It is expected that…人们希望
It is suggested that…有人建议,建议
It is recommended that…有人推荐,有人建议
It is decided that…已经决定
It cannot be denied that…无可否认
It is stressed that…人们强调说
It is declared that…据宣称,有人宣布
It is proposed that…有人提出,提议,一般认为
It is established that…可以认定
It is hoped that…希望,有人希望
It has been proved that…已经证明
6.结论:以上介绍的是英语被动语态译成中文的几种基本方法,在英语学习和实践中,我们只要本着 “忠实、通顺”的翻译原则,就可以灵活运用这些方法,从而在翻译被动语态时会做出更好的技术处理。
参考文献:
[1]张培基、喻云根、李宗杰、彭谟禹,1983,《英汉翻译教程》[M],上海:上海外语教育出版社
[2]徐启华、王乃文,1989,《实用英译汉教程》[M],上海:上海外语教育出版社
作者简介:
吴桂玲(1968- ),女,满族,辽宁阜新人。讲师,研究方向:外语教学理论与实践。
1.将被动句改译成主动句。
如果原文是被动语态,译成中文的被动语态显得很不合适,或者不大自然,就不妨改为主动语态,这种情况大致包括四种类型。
1.1 原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。
例如:(1) The subject will be treated more fully later.这个主题稍后将详细讨论。(2)This room must be tidied up.房间该收拾一下了。
1.2 原文中的主语在译文中做宾语。
例如:(1)Life cannot be understood without much charity.没有爱心,就无法了解人生。(2)I’m afraid I shall be laughed at.我怕人家笑我。
1.3 改译成汉语的判断句,即带表语的主动句。这种翻译法一般适用于加强语气的判断句。
例如:(1)The book was bought in Beijing这本书是在北京买的。
(2)A knowledge of statistics is required for the analysis of data.
要做资料分析,具备统计学知识是必要的。
2.将被动句改译成被动句。
汉语虽然较少运用被动语态,但有时也用被动语态结构来着重强调被动的动作,同时也是为了保留原文的主语,因为它往往是注意力集中的人或事物。将英语被动句译成中文被动句时,除了运用“被”字外,往往还借助“挨、遭、遇、教、应、让、给、受、获、承、蒙、得、邀、见、由(为)…所、因…予以、加以”等字眼。翻译时可以灵活运用,以达到译文活泼,传神的效果。如:(1)Even in those years he was paid high respect.即使在那几年,他仍很受尊重。(2)He was made fun of by all his classmates.他遭到全班同学嘲弄。
3.將英语被动句改译成“把”、“使”和“由”字句。
例如:(1)Every country will be represented by its Prime Minister or Foreign Minister.各国将由总理或外交部长任代表
(2)Natural light or “white” light is made up of many colors.自然光或“白光”是由许多颜色组成的。
(3)Rivers are controlled by dams. 拦河坝把河流控制住了。
(4)He was regarded as a Republican by everyone,even though he had always thought of himself as an “independent”.
所有人都把他看成共和党人。尽管他一直认为自己是“无党派人士”。
(5) The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.
大火使这著名的旅馆几乎全部毁灭。
4. 改译成汉语的无主句。
如果根据上下文或者谈话当时的环境,能够明白行为的主体是什么,或者出于礼貌和语气关系,可以采用这种译法。
(1)No arrangements have been solved.
没做好安排。
(2)A chemical equation must be balanced.
必须平衡化学方程式。
(3)More people will be sent to work there.
要派更多的人到那里工作。
(4)Two were killed, nine were wounded.
打死了两名,打伤了九名。
(5)Another railway will be built there.
那里还要修筑一条铁路。
(6) So far no conclusion has been arrived at.
到现在为止,还没有得出结论。
5.一些常用被动句型的翻译。
这类句型是以it 作为形式主语的被动结构,翻译时,可译成无主句,亦可加上适当的不确定的主语。如:
It is said that… 据说,有人说
It is well-known that …众所周知,大家都知道
It is believed that…人们相信,大家相信
It is reported that…据报道,据通报
It is learned that…据闻,据说,已查明
It is found that…据发现,人们认为
It is considered that…据估计,人们认为
It is felt that…有人感觉到,人们认为
It is thought that…有人认为
It is noticed that…人们注意,有人指出 It is announced that…据称,有人宣称
It is sometimes asked that…人们有时会问
It will be seen that…可见,可以看出
It will be seen from this that…由此可见
It should be pointed out that…必须(应该)指出
It is supposed that…据推测,假设,人们猜测
It is asserted that…有人主張
It was described that…据介绍,有人介绍说
It is predicted that …据估计,预计
It is expected that…人们希望
It is suggested that…有人建议,建议
It is recommended that…有人推荐,有人建议
It is decided that…已经决定
It cannot be denied that…无可否认
It is stressed that…人们强调说
It is declared that…据宣称,有人宣布
It is proposed that…有人提出,提议,一般认为
It is established that…可以认定
It is hoped that…希望,有人希望
It has been proved that…已经证明
6.结论:以上介绍的是英语被动语态译成中文的几种基本方法,在英语学习和实践中,我们只要本着 “忠实、通顺”的翻译原则,就可以灵活运用这些方法,从而在翻译被动语态时会做出更好的技术处理。
参考文献:
[1]张培基、喻云根、李宗杰、彭谟禹,1983,《英汉翻译教程》[M],上海:上海外语教育出版社
[2]徐启华、王乃文,1989,《实用英译汉教程》[M],上海:上海外语教育出版社
作者简介:
吴桂玲(1968- ),女,满族,辽宁阜新人。讲师,研究方向:外语教学理论与实践。