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摘 要: 英语写作是英语的四大基本语言技能之一,然而高职高专非英语专业学生在语篇层面上的写作能力欠佳。本文通过分析学生英语写作中应用的主位推进模式,研究如何更有效地布局谋篇,提高信息组织能力,从而写出内容统一、语义连贯的英语作文。
关键词: 主位推进模式 非英语专业 英语写作
英语写作是英语的四大基本语言技能之一,同时也是衡量学生语言综合能力的有效手段。然而高职高专非英语专业学生在语篇层面上的写作能力依然欠佳。大部分学生的作文整体结构散乱无序,文字缺乏连贯性。本文将通过对学生英语写作中主位推进模式的分析,研究如何有效地构建英语语篇。
1.主位理论概述
主位和述位概念最早由布拉格学派的创始人Mathesius于1939年提出,他认为一个句子可以划分为主位和述位。主位位于句首,在交際中引出话题的成分,是已知的信息;述位围绕主位所说的话,是新信息,往往是话语的核心内容。后来系统功能学派代表人物Halliday(1994)秉承并进一步发展了这一理论,将主位分为单项主位、多项主位和句项主位。
2.主位推进模式
最早提出主位推进概念的是Danes(1969)。他认为在整个语篇的信息发展过程中,各句的主位与主位之间、述位与述位之间、主位述位之间按照一定的规律不断进行动态的变化发展,从而影响到语篇的信息流程,由已知的信息引发新信息,信息流联系和变化就是所说的主位推进模式。这种主位推进模式体现出篇章结构的框架,因此在篇章组织中,随着主位向前推进,整个语篇逐步展开,形成一个意义完整的语篇。随后徐盛桓,黄衍、黄国文、胡壮麟等中国语言研究家在综合前人的研究成果基础上都形成了各自的主位推进理论。徐盛恒提出了句子组合的4种模式,黄衍将之归纳为7种,黄国文提出过4种,朱永生总结4种。
基于Danes和国内学者总结出的多种主位推进模式,本文归纳出以下五种最常见的主位推进模式:(1)放射型。前句的述位往往作为后句的主位,常应用在记叙文中。例:Once upon a time there was a mountain;on top of the mountain stood a temple;in this temple lived a monk named...(2)聚合型。所有句子以同一个主位为出发点,即所有的句子围绕同一个主题进行论述,可用于表述同一事物的不同层面。例如:This watch is very valuable.It is handed down by my great grandfather.It has accompanied my father to go through many hard times.(3)延续型。所有的句子享有同一个述位。例:Dogs are animals people regard as friends;cats are animals like friends...(4)主位派生型。段落中后句的主位都是由首句主位派生而来,主位述位在各句中同时发展。例:Most college students take part-time jobs in their spare time.Some are working as salesmen in a supermarket;some are trying to deliver milk to their schoolmates;others are teaching children to study different subjects...(5)述位分裂型。首句的述位分裂成两部分,在下文中作为各小句论述的出发点。例:The Chinese government is making great effort to regulate its economic policy and medical policy.The economic policy now concentrates on the measures taken to reduce the current high rate of unemployment.The medical policy is to further promote the public health service.
3.主位推进模式分析
下面这篇文章,标题为Money,TI代表主位1,S1代表句1,以此类推。
(1)Some people think money is all-powerful.(2)In this view,money can buy everything including all materials.(3)They could get the feeling of happiness.(4)They think money makes the mare go.
(5)On the other side,some people think money is not all-powerful.(6)Money is the root of all evils.(7)Money is not all-powerful.(8)There are many things money can’t buy,such as time.(9)There are 24 hours a day.(10)It can’t buy pure love and sincere friends.
(11)In my view,money is indeed important,but money can’t buy everything.(12)Money is just a tool that helps us solve problems or enables us to live a comfortable life.(13)What we should do is to use it appropriately and not become misers.(14)This way,all of us can lead a happier life. 此文中每个小句都有自己的主位,共14句14个主位,都已标注下划线。
从主位推进模式角度来分析,这篇文章主要应用了聚合型和放射型两种主位推进模式。例:放射型T1—R1,T2(=R1)—R2;T11—R11,T12(=R11)—R12;聚合型T1—R1,T3(=T1)—R3,T4(=T1)—R4。
此文语义连贯性不够强,学生虽然无意识地应用了两种主位推进模式,但通过对全文的仔细阅读,会发现学生缺乏最基本的主位结构理论知识,信息的传递没有遵循由已知信息到新信息这个原则。在第一段中,首句明确提出一些人的观点:金钱是万能的,下文应该围绕此主题进行论证。S2和S4都围绕主题进行阐述,但S3避开“金钱”这个主题讨论幸福,让人感觉很突兀。第二段中提出另外一些人的观点:金钱并不是万能的,但S6没有对主题句进行任何论证却引入一个新话题,而S9简单地描述时间,而并未阐述两者关系,明显不连贯,和主题“金钱”脱节。
学习主位推进模式后,上面的作文修改如下。
(1)Some people think money is all-powerful.(2)In their hearts,money can buy everything including all materials.(3)For example,with a large amount of money,they can buy luxurious cars and receive better education in world-famous colleges.(4)To these people, it seems that money makes the mare go.
(5)However,some other people think money is not that all-powerful.(6)There are many things money can’t buy,such as time.(7)Time is equal to everyone,with no exception to rich people.(8)Even a millionaire can’t call back his lost younger times no matter he offers how much money to exchange for it.(9)In addition,it can’t buy pure love and sincere friends.(10)The lover and friends surrounding the rich people may only attempt to get money from them.
(11)In my view,money is indeed important,but money can’t buy everything.(12)And therefore,I just regard money as a tool that helps us solve problems or enables us to live a comfortable life.(13)To serve this purpose,we’d better make use of money appropriately.
修改后,此文共13句13个主位,具体如下:(T1)Some people;(T2) In their hearts;(T3)For example,with a large amount of money;(T4)To these people;(T5)However,some other people;(T6)There;(T7)Time;(T8)Even a millionaire;(T9)In addition,it;(T10)It;(T11)In my view,money;(T12)And therefore,I;(T13)To serve this purpose
经过修改后的作文结构完整,语义更连贯,段落中上下句之间密切关联,没有突兀的信息。全篇各个段落紧紧围绕主题展开论述,没有和主题无关的信息。应用主位推进模式的句子数目增加:聚合型:T1—R1,T3(=T1)—R3,T4(=T1)—R4;放射型:T1—R1(=T2)—R2(=T3)—R3,T6—R6(=T7)—R7(=T8)—R8,T11—R11(=T12)—R12(=T13)—R13。
4.結语
在语篇构建中不能随心所欲地将传达同样命题意义的句子或信息单位堆砌起来。主位述位结构能表达作者的语篇思维模式,体现语篇结构的逻辑性和说服力。主位推进模式的应用可以为当前大学英语写作教学提供良好的借鉴。因此,在大学英语写作教学中,在强调词汇和语法的同时,应加强学生对主位推进理论的认识,教会学生如何恰当地有条理地安排运用主位推进模式,提高信息组织能力,从而写出内容统一、语义连贯的英语作文。
参考文献:
[1]Halliday,M.A.K.(1994).An Introducing to Functional Grammar[M].London:Arnold,38.
[2]胡壮麟.语篇分析在教学中的应用,外语教学,2001(1).
[3]黄国文.篇章分析的理论与实践,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2001(3).
[4]李烨.主位述位衔接对英文写作教学的指导作用.重庆工学院学报,2005(4).
[5]朱永生.主位推进模式与语篇分析.外语教学与研究,1995(5).
关键词: 主位推进模式 非英语专业 英语写作
英语写作是英语的四大基本语言技能之一,同时也是衡量学生语言综合能力的有效手段。然而高职高专非英语专业学生在语篇层面上的写作能力依然欠佳。大部分学生的作文整体结构散乱无序,文字缺乏连贯性。本文将通过对学生英语写作中主位推进模式的分析,研究如何有效地构建英语语篇。
1.主位理论概述
主位和述位概念最早由布拉格学派的创始人Mathesius于1939年提出,他认为一个句子可以划分为主位和述位。主位位于句首,在交際中引出话题的成分,是已知的信息;述位围绕主位所说的话,是新信息,往往是话语的核心内容。后来系统功能学派代表人物Halliday(1994)秉承并进一步发展了这一理论,将主位分为单项主位、多项主位和句项主位。
2.主位推进模式
最早提出主位推进概念的是Danes(1969)。他认为在整个语篇的信息发展过程中,各句的主位与主位之间、述位与述位之间、主位述位之间按照一定的规律不断进行动态的变化发展,从而影响到语篇的信息流程,由已知的信息引发新信息,信息流联系和变化就是所说的主位推进模式。这种主位推进模式体现出篇章结构的框架,因此在篇章组织中,随着主位向前推进,整个语篇逐步展开,形成一个意义完整的语篇。随后徐盛桓,黄衍、黄国文、胡壮麟等中国语言研究家在综合前人的研究成果基础上都形成了各自的主位推进理论。徐盛恒提出了句子组合的4种模式,黄衍将之归纳为7种,黄国文提出过4种,朱永生总结4种。
基于Danes和国内学者总结出的多种主位推进模式,本文归纳出以下五种最常见的主位推进模式:(1)放射型。前句的述位往往作为后句的主位,常应用在记叙文中。例:Once upon a time there was a mountain;on top of the mountain stood a temple;in this temple lived a monk named...(2)聚合型。所有句子以同一个主位为出发点,即所有的句子围绕同一个主题进行论述,可用于表述同一事物的不同层面。例如:This watch is very valuable.It is handed down by my great grandfather.It has accompanied my father to go through many hard times.(3)延续型。所有的句子享有同一个述位。例:Dogs are animals people regard as friends;cats are animals like friends...(4)主位派生型。段落中后句的主位都是由首句主位派生而来,主位述位在各句中同时发展。例:Most college students take part-time jobs in their spare time.Some are working as salesmen in a supermarket;some are trying to deliver milk to their schoolmates;others are teaching children to study different subjects...(5)述位分裂型。首句的述位分裂成两部分,在下文中作为各小句论述的出发点。例:The Chinese government is making great effort to regulate its economic policy and medical policy.The economic policy now concentrates on the measures taken to reduce the current high rate of unemployment.The medical policy is to further promote the public health service.
3.主位推进模式分析
下面这篇文章,标题为Money,TI代表主位1,S1代表句1,以此类推。
(1)Some people think money is all-powerful.(2)In this view,money can buy everything including all materials.(3)They could get the feeling of happiness.(4)They think money makes the mare go.
(5)On the other side,some people think money is not all-powerful.(6)Money is the root of all evils.(7)Money is not all-powerful.(8)There are many things money can’t buy,such as time.(9)There are 24 hours a day.(10)It can’t buy pure love and sincere friends.
(11)In my view,money is indeed important,but money can’t buy everything.(12)Money is just a tool that helps us solve problems or enables us to live a comfortable life.(13)What we should do is to use it appropriately and not become misers.(14)This way,all of us can lead a happier life. 此文中每个小句都有自己的主位,共14句14个主位,都已标注下划线。
从主位推进模式角度来分析,这篇文章主要应用了聚合型和放射型两种主位推进模式。例:放射型T1—R1,T2(=R1)—R2;T11—R11,T12(=R11)—R12;聚合型T1—R1,T3(=T1)—R3,T4(=T1)—R4。
此文语义连贯性不够强,学生虽然无意识地应用了两种主位推进模式,但通过对全文的仔细阅读,会发现学生缺乏最基本的主位结构理论知识,信息的传递没有遵循由已知信息到新信息这个原则。在第一段中,首句明确提出一些人的观点:金钱是万能的,下文应该围绕此主题进行论证。S2和S4都围绕主题进行阐述,但S3避开“金钱”这个主题讨论幸福,让人感觉很突兀。第二段中提出另外一些人的观点:金钱并不是万能的,但S6没有对主题句进行任何论证却引入一个新话题,而S9简单地描述时间,而并未阐述两者关系,明显不连贯,和主题“金钱”脱节。
学习主位推进模式后,上面的作文修改如下。
(1)Some people think money is all-powerful.(2)In their hearts,money can buy everything including all materials.(3)For example,with a large amount of money,they can buy luxurious cars and receive better education in world-famous colleges.(4)To these people, it seems that money makes the mare go.
(5)However,some other people think money is not that all-powerful.(6)There are many things money can’t buy,such as time.(7)Time is equal to everyone,with no exception to rich people.(8)Even a millionaire can’t call back his lost younger times no matter he offers how much money to exchange for it.(9)In addition,it can’t buy pure love and sincere friends.(10)The lover and friends surrounding the rich people may only attempt to get money from them.
(11)In my view,money is indeed important,but money can’t buy everything.(12)And therefore,I just regard money as a tool that helps us solve problems or enables us to live a comfortable life.(13)To serve this purpose,we’d better make use of money appropriately.
修改后,此文共13句13个主位,具体如下:(T1)Some people;(T2) In their hearts;(T3)For example,with a large amount of money;(T4)To these people;(T5)However,some other people;(T6)There;(T7)Time;(T8)Even a millionaire;(T9)In addition,it;(T10)It;(T11)In my view,money;(T12)And therefore,I;(T13)To serve this purpose
经过修改后的作文结构完整,语义更连贯,段落中上下句之间密切关联,没有突兀的信息。全篇各个段落紧紧围绕主题展开论述,没有和主题无关的信息。应用主位推进模式的句子数目增加:聚合型:T1—R1,T3(=T1)—R3,T4(=T1)—R4;放射型:T1—R1(=T2)—R2(=T3)—R3,T6—R6(=T7)—R7(=T8)—R8,T11—R11(=T12)—R12(=T13)—R13。
4.結语
在语篇构建中不能随心所欲地将传达同样命题意义的句子或信息单位堆砌起来。主位述位结构能表达作者的语篇思维模式,体现语篇结构的逻辑性和说服力。主位推进模式的应用可以为当前大学英语写作教学提供良好的借鉴。因此,在大学英语写作教学中,在强调词汇和语法的同时,应加强学生对主位推进理论的认识,教会学生如何恰当地有条理地安排运用主位推进模式,提高信息组织能力,从而写出内容统一、语义连贯的英语作文。
参考文献:
[1]Halliday,M.A.K.(1994).An Introducing to Functional Grammar[M].London:Arnold,38.
[2]胡壮麟.语篇分析在教学中的应用,外语教学,2001(1).
[3]黄国文.篇章分析的理论与实践,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2001(3).
[4]李烨.主位述位衔接对英文写作教学的指导作用.重庆工学院学报,2005(4).
[5]朱永生.主位推进模式与语篇分析.外语教学与研究,1995(5).