固态材料在应力作用下发生损伤、断裂是一类极为普遍的现象,是材料研究中最复杂、最重要的问题之一。百余年来,人们对损伤、断裂问题进行了广泛研究,涉及从微观到宏观整个领域。在微观尺度(<10~(-6)米),从原子到晶粒,属于材料科学范围;在宏观尺度(>10~(-2)米),属于工程技术范围,很大程度上基于经验;介于二者之间的中间 Solid material damage occurs under the stress, fracture is a very common phenomenon, is one of the most complex and most important issues in material research. Over the past hundred years, extensive studies have been conducted on the damage and fracture problems, ranging from micro to macro. At the microscopic scale (<10 ~ (-6) m), from atoms to grains belong to the scope of material science; on the macroscopic scale (> 10 ~ (-2) m) belong to the scope of engineering technology and are largely based on experience Between the two in the middle