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电子显微镜技术在医学领域发挥着越来越重要的作用，常用于各系统的超微结构观察、机制研究和疾病的临床诊断等，其中在呼吸道病原学诊断中的作用不容忽视，但其相关的综述较少。利用电子显微镜可以准确观察呼吸道病原体的形态学特征，并对新发呼吸道感染病原体进行初步的分类筛选。但由于设备昂贵、技术难度大、操作复杂等因素，电子显微镜技术很少应用于常规的病原学诊断，而更多的用于实验室基础研究。该文综述了电子显微镜检查在呼吸道病原学诊断方面的优缺点及意义。“,”At present, electron microscopy has played a more and more important role in the field of medicine.It is often used in the ultrastructure observation of various systems, mechanism research and clinical diagnosis of diseases.The role of electron microscopy in the etiological diagnosis of respiratory tract infection cannot be ignored, but its related review is less.By using electron microscopy, the morphological characteristics of respiratory tract pathogens can be accurately observed and the new respiratory tract infection pathogens can be classified and screened.In addition, through the combination of samples with patients′ serum and observation of immuno-electron microscopy, the host response to pathogens can also be understood.However, due to the high equipment requirements, technical difficulties, complex operation and other factors, electron microscopy is rarely used in conventional etiological diagnosis, and more used in laboratory basic research.In this paper, the advantages, disadvantages and significance of electron microscopy in the etiological diagnosis of respiratory tract are reviewed.