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近年来,中考着眼点很大程度上已放在培养学生综合运用知识的能力上,如英语能力题要点80%,而基础题只占70%。初三学生面临中考的挑战。智力的竞争。这种形势也迫使我们必须在教学中注重学生的发散思维能力。
发散思维,又叫求异思维,是指以一个要解决的问题为中心,朝多方向推测,想象,假使的“试探”性思维过程。在教学中,一方面引导学生采用纵横对比的方法概括归纳已学单词短语句型的异同和相互关系。找出规律性的东西,即引导学生开启求同思维。另方面,注意引导学生在单词,句型课文等方面开展发散思维,努力让学生做到巧记单词,多变句型,活学课文,收到良好的效果。
(一)通过“一词多义”来展开
在复习strike这个词时,要求学生说出各种带有strike的句子,而且每句中strike的意义各不相同。学生经过积极思维,说出十种句:
1.Strike while the iron is hot.
2.At midday the clock strike twelve.
3.He got so angry that he struck the thief in the face.
4.The boy struck at the dog but failed to hit it.
5.The workers in that country are on strike.
6.We were struck by her clever answer.
7.The ship went down after it struck a rock.
8.The little match girl struck another match to keep her warm.
9.If the snake started out and sensed that we were near it night strike.
10.He struck the table a heavy blow.
上述過程,实质上就是教师以动词strike作为“发散点”,引导学生进行发散思维。这种思维具有联想的自由性与广阔性。
2)通过前后缀构词来展开
高三学生接触过的前缀有好几十种,由它们构造出来的单词,就像空中一颗颗烟火一样绚丽多姿。下面是学生以前缀dis-’发散粗来的缀合词:discover,disappear,dishonest,discourage,disagree,disallow,disbelieve,discomfort,disapproval,disclose,dislike,dislive,disobey,displease,disappoint,disarm,disburden,disarrange.
首先我肯定他们的积极性,对发言踊跃的给予表扬,然后启发学生自己归纳dis-’加在名词,动词和形容词前,表示否定的含义,并指出不是所有上述词都可加前缀dis-’,比如dislive就不存在,这就需要注意发散思维的精密性。另外还可以通过组合多种复合词,单词组合词组或短语,词类转化等形式来进行发散思维,引导学生巧记多记单词。
(二)多变句型
1)通过“一词多型”来展开
英语中,一个句子可以转化多种不同的句型,而其意思不变。比如我给学生一个句子:
The problem is too difficult for me to work out.要求学生说出下面的句型:
1.The problem isn’t easy enough for me to work out.
2.The problem is so difficult that we can’t work it out.
3.It is so difficult a problem that we can’t work it out.
4.It is such a difficult problem that we can’t work it out.
我们还可以用多种不同的句型表达比较,原因,目的,让步,时间,方式,建议,请求,倍数,意愿等等意思。这样不仅把语法,句型学活了,而且也训练了学生的思维能力。
2)通过“一词多译”来展开
汉译英中的一词多译”,可以从同义词,反义词,缀合词等不同角度,多方面进行,使思路广阔多向,译句的修辞手段多样,即使学生能融会贯通的掌握,灵活运用已学过的词汇,句型,语法,把语言学活,也使学生为广泛阅读乃至写作奠定了比较扎实的语言基础。例如,我要学生翻译:她一看到这块表,就知道它是吉姆的。学生们积极思维,作出了多种答案:
1.As soon as she saw the watch,she knew that is must be Jim’s.
2.No sooner had she seen the watch than she knew that it must belong to Jim.
3.Hardly had she seen the watch when she knew it ought to be in Jim’s.
4.Scarcely had she seen the watch when she knew it must be Jim’s.
5.As soon as she caught sight of the watch,she knew that it must be Jim’s.
6.On seeing the watch,she knew that is must be Jim’s.
7.At the first sight of the watch she knew that it must be Jim’s.
8.The moment she saw the watch she knew that is must be Jim’s.
其中有些句子,连我一时还没有想到。这也许就是发散思维中撞出来的智力火花吧!
(三)活学课文
课文是进行语言知识教学和训练听说读写译能力的综合材料,最有利于开展发散思维。经常问这样的问题:What does this sentence mean?Can you Paraphrase this sentence?Will you please rewrite the setence?Can you give another word(phrase)instead of it?Would you like to make a sentence with this phrase?
我提的问题,使学生的大脑处于兴奋状态,积极思考,踊跃发言,有的情不自禁地脱口而出,有时甚至七嘴八舌议论开来,因而活跃了课堂气氛、充分调动了学生的学习积极性,这种交际性的操练,使知识转化为能力,起到温故知新的作用。
教学中,教师是知识的传授者,也是思维能力的调控者。通过近几年高三教学的实践,我深深体会到,只要教师认真备课,吃透教材,并根据学生的实际,精心选择、确定好发散思维的语言材料:估计好学生思维的发散方向、发散深度和广度;设计好引导学生发散思维的教学手段和步骤;利用好学生的心理特点和非智力因素,发散思维的火花定会点燃,而且光彩照人,绚丽多姿。
发散思维,又叫求异思维,是指以一个要解决的问题为中心,朝多方向推测,想象,假使的“试探”性思维过程。在教学中,一方面引导学生采用纵横对比的方法概括归纳已学单词短语句型的异同和相互关系。找出规律性的东西,即引导学生开启求同思维。另方面,注意引导学生在单词,句型课文等方面开展发散思维,努力让学生做到巧记单词,多变句型,活学课文,收到良好的效果。
(一)通过“一词多义”来展开
在复习strike这个词时,要求学生说出各种带有strike的句子,而且每句中strike的意义各不相同。学生经过积极思维,说出十种句:
1.Strike while the iron is hot.
2.At midday the clock strike twelve.
3.He got so angry that he struck the thief in the face.
4.The boy struck at the dog but failed to hit it.
5.The workers in that country are on strike.
6.We were struck by her clever answer.
7.The ship went down after it struck a rock.
8.The little match girl struck another match to keep her warm.
9.If the snake started out and sensed that we were near it night strike.
10.He struck the table a heavy blow.
上述過程,实质上就是教师以动词strike作为“发散点”,引导学生进行发散思维。这种思维具有联想的自由性与广阔性。
2)通过前后缀构词来展开
高三学生接触过的前缀有好几十种,由它们构造出来的单词,就像空中一颗颗烟火一样绚丽多姿。下面是学生以前缀dis-’发散粗来的缀合词:discover,disappear,dishonest,discourage,disagree,disallow,disbelieve,discomfort,disapproval,disclose,dislike,dislive,disobey,displease,disappoint,disarm,disburden,disarrange.
首先我肯定他们的积极性,对发言踊跃的给予表扬,然后启发学生自己归纳dis-’加在名词,动词和形容词前,表示否定的含义,并指出不是所有上述词都可加前缀dis-’,比如dislive就不存在,这就需要注意发散思维的精密性。另外还可以通过组合多种复合词,单词组合词组或短语,词类转化等形式来进行发散思维,引导学生巧记多记单词。
(二)多变句型
1)通过“一词多型”来展开
英语中,一个句子可以转化多种不同的句型,而其意思不变。比如我给学生一个句子:
The problem is too difficult for me to work out.要求学生说出下面的句型:
1.The problem isn’t easy enough for me to work out.
2.The problem is so difficult that we can’t work it out.
3.It is so difficult a problem that we can’t work it out.
4.It is such a difficult problem that we can’t work it out.
我们还可以用多种不同的句型表达比较,原因,目的,让步,时间,方式,建议,请求,倍数,意愿等等意思。这样不仅把语法,句型学活了,而且也训练了学生的思维能力。
2)通过“一词多译”来展开
汉译英中的一词多译”,可以从同义词,反义词,缀合词等不同角度,多方面进行,使思路广阔多向,译句的修辞手段多样,即使学生能融会贯通的掌握,灵活运用已学过的词汇,句型,语法,把语言学活,也使学生为广泛阅读乃至写作奠定了比较扎实的语言基础。例如,我要学生翻译:她一看到这块表,就知道它是吉姆的。学生们积极思维,作出了多种答案:
1.As soon as she saw the watch,she knew that is must be Jim’s.
2.No sooner had she seen the watch than she knew that it must belong to Jim.
3.Hardly had she seen the watch when she knew it ought to be in Jim’s.
4.Scarcely had she seen the watch when she knew it must be Jim’s.
5.As soon as she caught sight of the watch,she knew that it must be Jim’s.
6.On seeing the watch,she knew that is must be Jim’s.
7.At the first sight of the watch she knew that it must be Jim’s.
8.The moment she saw the watch she knew that is must be Jim’s.
其中有些句子,连我一时还没有想到。这也许就是发散思维中撞出来的智力火花吧!
(三)活学课文
课文是进行语言知识教学和训练听说读写译能力的综合材料,最有利于开展发散思维。经常问这样的问题:What does this sentence mean?Can you Paraphrase this sentence?Will you please rewrite the setence?Can you give another word(phrase)instead of it?Would you like to make a sentence with this phrase?
我提的问题,使学生的大脑处于兴奋状态,积极思考,踊跃发言,有的情不自禁地脱口而出,有时甚至七嘴八舌议论开来,因而活跃了课堂气氛、充分调动了学生的学习积极性,这种交际性的操练,使知识转化为能力,起到温故知新的作用。
教学中,教师是知识的传授者,也是思维能力的调控者。通过近几年高三教学的实践,我深深体会到,只要教师认真备课,吃透教材,并根据学生的实际,精心选择、确定好发散思维的语言材料:估计好学生思维的发散方向、发散深度和广度;设计好引导学生发散思维的教学手段和步骤;利用好学生的心理特点和非智力因素,发散思维的火花定会点燃,而且光彩照人,绚丽多姿。