Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans(CSPGs)which are produced by mature oligodendrocytes and reactive astrocytes can be upregulated after spinal cord injury and contribute to regenerative failure.Chondroitinase ABC(ChABC)digests glycosaminoglycan chains on CSPGs and can thereby overcome CSPG-mediated inhibition.However,many current studies have used an incomplete spinal cord injury model,and examined results after 8 12 weeks of ChABC treatment.In this study,a complete rat spinal cord transection injury model was used to study the long-term effects of ChABC treatment by subarachnoid catheter.Pathology of spinal cord regeneration was compared with control 24 weeks following ChABC treatment using immunohistochemistry and axon tracing techniques.At 24 weeks after injury,neurofilament 200 expression was significantly greater in the ChABC treatment group compared with the transection group.In the ChABC treatment group,axonal growth was demonstrated by a large number of biotinylated dextran amine positive axons caudal to,or past,the epicenter of injury.Biotinylated dextran amine-labeled fibers were found in the proximal end of the spinal cord in the transection alone group.These results confirm that ChABC can promote axon growth,neural regeneration,and repair after spinal cord injury in rats long after the initial injury.