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诱变育种,是继系统选育和杂交育种等育种方法之后,利用物理和化学等诱变因素发展起来的一项育种新技术.随着植物诱发突变研究的进展,国内外对于诱发突变体在作物育种上的作用,引起了很大的兴趣.在诱变剂的应用上,也从单一的物理因素(如X-射线、γ-射线、快中子等)、化学诱变剂(如EMS、NEU、NMU等)到理化综合因素的应用.例如、意大利的Scarasciag—Mugnozza采用物理和化学诱变剂在硬粒小麦上引变出38个在抗倒伏性上明显强于原品种的高产突变系,其中三个最优良的突变系已直接培育成品种.苏联Φ.用化学诱变方法从丰产小麦品种“无茫一号”和“高加索”中获得一系列矮秆突变系,蛋白质含量高达23%—24%.我国浙江省农科院利用~(60)Co—r互射线照射水稻品种“科字6号”,选育出比原品种早熟40天的新品种一“原丰早”,比同熟期推广品种增产一成以上.但是总的来说,辐射和化学诱变剂诱发的有利用价值的变异率仍然很低,一般仅为千分之几.尤其是突变体能作为新品种在生产上应用的更是少数.因此,当前国内外诱变育种工作者共同关心的问题,是如何提高诱变的有益变异率,从而提高诱变育种的效果.
Mutagenesis breeding is a new breeding technique developed by using mutagenic factors such as physics and chemistry after breeding methods such as systematic breeding and crossbreeding.With the progress of plant induced mutation research, The role of crop breeding has aroused great interest in the application of mutagens, but also from a single physical factors (such as X-rays, γ-rays, fast neutrons, etc.), chemical mutagens (such as EMS , NEU, NMU, etc.). For example, Scarasciag-Mugnozza of Italy used physical and chemical mutagens to induce 38 high-yielding mutations in durum wheat that are significantly more lodging-resistant than the original Of which three of the most excellent mutations have been directly cultivated into varieties.U.S.S.C. A series of dwarf mutant lines were obtained from high yielding wheat cultivars “Vernacular” and “Caucasus” using chemical mutagenesis with a protein content of up to 23% -24% .China’s Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, using the ~ (60) Co-r rays irradiated rice varieties “Kezi No. 6”, breeding new varieties of “Happo Early” 40 days earlier than the original varieties, , More than the same maturity to promote varieties of more than a 10%, but always , The variability of the value of use induced by radiation and chemical mutagens is still very low, generally only a few thousandths. In particular, mutants can be used as a new variety in the production of a small number of Therefore, the current domestic Mutagenesis breeding workers are concerned about the issue of how to improve the mutation rate of beneficial mutation, thereby enhancing the effect of mutation breeding.