(1)广州,由康熙二十五年(一六八六年)起到道光鸦片战争前的一百五十馀年间,是中外国际贸易最重要的一个口岸。乾隆二十二年(一七五七年)後,中国政府明令指定,只许外人在广州通商,从此在法律上广州便成为唯一的对外贸易的口岸了。在这一百五十馀年当中因通商问题而酿成了许多的 (1) Guangzhou, which was the most important port of international trade between China and foreign countries for more than 150 years before the Daoguang Opium War from the 25th year of Emperor Kangxi (1668) to the beginning of the Opium War. Twenty-two years after Qianlong (1757), the Chinese government explicitly designated only outsiders to trade in Guangzhou. Since then, Guangzhou has become the only port of foreign trade by law. During this one hundred and fifty years, the problem of trade has led to much