关于鸦片战争后大批华工出国的原因,目前史学界有以下几种观点:一是认为华工出国有四大因素,即沿海土地的开发和人口的激增,商品货币经济的繁荣,阶级结构的变动和航海技术的进步;二是认为出国(特别是去美国)是由于“推力”和“拉力”的因素,即一方面在华南的广东和福建两省里,人口和粮食之间的日益不平衡使人们难以维持生计,另一方面西方殖民主义者此时迅速发展,急需大量劳工,所以在“又推”“又拉”因素的促使下,大批华工出国;三是认为华工出国主要是列强侵略中国造成的直接结果;四是认为从总体来说,经济原因是华工出国的主要因素,而政治、军事等其它因素,均属于偶然因素。此外,还有人 As for the reasons why a large number of Chinese laborers go abroad after the Opium War, historians have the following views at present: First, they think that there are four major factors that Chinese laborers go abroad, namely, the development of coastal land and population growth, the prosperity of the commodity economy, the changes in class structure, The second is to think that going abroad (especially to the United States) is due to “thrust” and “pull” factors, namely, on the one hand, the increasingly imbalanced population and food in the two provinces of Guangdong and Fujian in southern China On the other hand, Western colonialists are in rapid development at this time and are in urgent need of a large number of laborers. Therefore, a large number of Chinese laborers go abroad due to the factors of “re-pushing” and “pulling back”; thirdly, they think that the overseas laborers who go abroad are mainly the powers that invaded China Fourthly, it is believed that the economic reason, on the whole, is the main factor for Chinese workers going abroad. Other factors such as politics and military affairs are all accidental factors. In addition, there are people