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定语从句一直是历年高考的热点。本文针对近几年高考英语试题，总结了定语从句的考查热点，以及定语从句往往与什么样的干扰项匹配构成试题，希望使同学们在学习时更有针对性。
热点Ⅰ 关系副词where 的考查
1. where引导的定语从句，先行词一般表示地点，且关系词在定语从句中作状语。
Care of the soul is a gradual process________
even the small details of life should be considered.
A. what B. in what
C. which D. in which
解析 D。定语从句的先行词是process，且关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于where。
2. 当先行词指地点时，关系词不一定用where。这时关系词的选择注意四个方面：
①看关系词指人还是物；
②看关系词在定语从句中作什么成分；
③成分的判断。这个情况下可以用还原法，即：把先行词放到定语从句中去，先行词在定语从句中所做的成分就是关系词在定语从句中的成分。只有关系词指地点且在定语从句中作状语时才用where，当关系词在定语从句中作主语、宾语时则用which或that，作定语则用whose；
④Where通常和which，that，what，there等匹配构成试题选项。
例1 The Science Museum，________we visited during a recent trip to Britain， is one of London’s tourist attractions.
A. which________ B. what
C. that D. where
解析 A。先行词The Science Museum表示地点，但关系词在定语从句中作visit的宾语，且that不引导非限制性定语从句，所以选which。
3. 当先行词用where时，先行词不一定指地点。
当先行词是situation，case，point，condition，position等名词时，关系词用where，相当于in which，在定语从句中作状语，强调特定的形势、情况、环境等。
例2 Sales director is a position________
communication ability is just as important as sales skills.
A. which________ B. that
C. when D. where
解析 D。句意为：在销售总监这个职位上，交际能力和销售技巧同样重要。先行词是position，在定语从句中不缺少主语和宾语，排除关系代词which和that，故选关系副词。position为抽象地点名词，因此用where引导定语从句。
例3 —Do you have anything to say for yourselves？
—Yes， there is one point________we must insist on.
A. why________ B. where
C. how D. /
解析 D。先行词point在这里的意为“观点”，关系词在定语从句中作insist on的宾语，所以不选择B而选D，因为关系词作宾语时可以省略。
热点Ⅱ 关系副词when的考查
1. 当先行词指时间时，先行词在定语从句中作时间状语，关系副词用when。
例4 We live in an age________ more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
A. why________ B. when
C. to whom D. on which
解析 B。句意为：我们生活在一个比以前更加容易获取更多信息的时代。该句中的先行词为an age，在定语从句中作时间状语，故用when引导。
2. 当先行词指时间时，关系词不一定用when。
例5 That evening，________ I will tell you more about later， I ended up working very late.
A. that B. which
C. what________ D. when
解析 B。句意为：那天晚上的事情我晚些告诉你，总之那晚我工作很晚。先行词that evening指时间，但关系词在定语从句中作about的宾语，所以不能选when。which引导非限制性定语从句，作about的宾语。
例6 By 16∶30，________ was almost closing time， nearly all the paintings had been sold.
A. which________ B. when
C. what________ D. that
【解析】 A。句意为：截止到下午4点半，也就是关门的时间，几乎所有的画都卖出去了。先行词为16∶30，但定语从句中缺少主语，所以不能选when，在非限制性定语从句只能选which，所以答案为A。
3. 当关系词用when时，先行词有可能是stay， occasion等。
例7 She’ll never forget her stay there______ she found her son who had gone missing two years before.
A. that________ B. which
C. where________ D. when
解析 D。句意为：她永远不会忘记在那儿逗留的时光。就是在那个时候，她找到了失散两年的儿子。定语从句的先行词是stay，利用还原法得到：She found her son who had gone missing two years before during her stay there。stay指逗留的时光，且关系词作状语，所以选择when，相当于during which。________
热点Ⅲ “介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句
对“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句的考查主要有两个方面：
1. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系词只能用whom（指人，宾语），which（指物，宾语），whose（指人或物，定语），不可用that和who，所以通常是与“介词+that”或“介词+who”等匹配构成试题。
例8 In our class there are 46 students，________
half wear glasses.
A. in whom B. in them
C. of whom D. of them
解析 C。句意为：我们班有46名学生，其中一半戴眼镜。由题意可知填词表达所属关系，因此选择介词of，且逗号前后都是句子，所填部分要起连接作用，不能用of them， 因此选择of whom。
例9 Have you sent thank-you notes to the relatives from________ you received gifts？
A. which B. them
C. that D. whom
解析 D。句意为：你给那些送你礼物的亲戚寄感谢信了吗？receive sth from sb的先行词是the relatives，所以关系词只能用whom（指人，宾语）。
2. “介词+关系代词”前可有some， any， none， both， all， neither， most， each， few等代词、数词或名词等，此类试题通常与“介词+that”“介词+不定代词”匹配构成试题。
例10 Maria has written two novels， both of________
have been made into television series.
A. them B. that
C. which D. what
解析 C。“介词 + which”引导的非限制性定语从句。
热点Ⅳ 分隔式定语从句
先行词有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间有一个定语、状语或谓语隔开，这就是分隔式定语从句。分隔式定语从句的难点在于先行词的判断，判断的关键在于对句意的正确理解。
例11 After the flooding， people were suffering in that area，________ urgently needed clean water， medicine and shelter to survive.
A. which B. who
C. where D. what
解析 B。句意为：洪灾过后，那个地区的人们饱受苦难，他们迫切需要饮用水，药品和栖息之所。分析句子成分后可知，从句中缺少主语，先行词应该是people，所以只能用who引导。
热点V whose引导的定语从句
whose既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。通常与of which/of whom等匹配构成试题。
例12 I wish to thank Professor Smith， without________ help I would never have got this far.
A. who B. whose C. whom D. which
解析 B。句意为：我要感谢史密斯教授，没有他的帮助我永远都不会有这样的进步。先行词是Professor Smith，指人，且在从句中做help的定语。
热点Ⅵ which引导的非限制性定语从句
which做关系代词引导非限制性定语从句时，除了指物外，更多的是指整个主句或主句的部分内容，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语。which引导的从句只能置于句中或句末，译作“这，这一点”，通常与that（不引导非限制性定语从句），who（误认为先行词是人），where（误认为先行词是地点），what等干扰项匹配构成试题。
例13 When deeply absorbed in work，________
he often was， he would forget all about eating or sleeping.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
解析 B。可以判断非限制性定语从句，定语从句的先行词是前面整个句子，并在从句中作was的表语。
It is the third time that she has won the race，________ has surprised us all.
A. that B. where C. which D. what
解析 C。可以判断非限制性定语从句，which指代it is the third time that she has won the race，且在定语从句中做主语。 热点Ⅶ as 引导的非限制性定语从句
as引导的非限制性定语从句可以置于主句之前、之后，或其间，用逗号隔开，译作“正如……”。常用形式有：
as anybody can see 正如人人都看到
as we had expected 正如我们所预料的
as was natural 是很自然的事
as is shown in the figure 如图所示
as often happens 正如经常发生的那样
as is often the case 情况常常如此
as has been said before 如前所示
as may be imagined 可以想象的出
as sb remembers 正如某人所记得的
as has been pointed out 正如已经指出的那样
as is reported in the newspaper 正如报纸报道的那样
as is well known（as everybody knows），as we all know 众所周知
例14 A lot of language learning，________ has been discovered， is happening in the first year of life， so parents should talk much to their children during that period.
A. as B. it C. which D. this
解析 A。as引导的非限制性定语从句，并作从句的主语，指代a lot of language learning is happening in the first year of life，且置于主句其间。
例15 The air quality in the city，________is shown in the report， has improved over the past two months.
A. that B. it C. as D. what
解析 C。as引导非限制性定语从句，并作从句的主语，指代the air quality in the city has improved over the past two months，且置于主句其间。
as引导的非限制性定语从句有时还会与名词性从句混合考查。
例16 It is obvious to the students________
they should get well prepared for their future.
A. as B. what C. which D. that
解析 D。it 是形式主语，that从句是真正的主语。此句也可以变形如下：
①As is obvious to the students， they should get well prepared for their future.
②What is obvious to the students is that they should get well prepared for their future.
③They should get well prepared for their future， as/which is obvious to the students.
热点Ⅰ 关系副词where 的考查
1. where引导的定语从句，先行词一般表示地点，且关系词在定语从句中作状语。
Care of the soul is a gradual process________
even the small details of life should be considered.
A. what B. in what
C. which D. in which
解析 D。定语从句的先行词是process，且关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于where。
2. 当先行词指地点时，关系词不一定用where。这时关系词的选择注意四个方面：
①看关系词指人还是物；
②看关系词在定语从句中作什么成分；
③成分的判断。这个情况下可以用还原法，即：把先行词放到定语从句中去，先行词在定语从句中所做的成分就是关系词在定语从句中的成分。只有关系词指地点且在定语从句中作状语时才用where，当关系词在定语从句中作主语、宾语时则用which或that，作定语则用whose；
④Where通常和which，that，what，there等匹配构成试题选项。
例1 The Science Museum，________we visited during a recent trip to Britain， is one of London’s tourist attractions.
A. which________ B. what
C. that D. where
解析 A。先行词The Science Museum表示地点，但关系词在定语从句中作visit的宾语，且that不引导非限制性定语从句，所以选which。
3. 当先行词用where时，先行词不一定指地点。
当先行词是situation，case，point，condition，position等名词时，关系词用where，相当于in which，在定语从句中作状语，强调特定的形势、情况、环境等。
例2 Sales director is a position________
communication ability is just as important as sales skills.
A. which________ B. that
C. when D. where
解析 D。句意为：在销售总监这个职位上，交际能力和销售技巧同样重要。先行词是position，在定语从句中不缺少主语和宾语，排除关系代词which和that，故选关系副词。position为抽象地点名词，因此用where引导定语从句。
例3 —Do you have anything to say for yourselves？
—Yes， there is one point________we must insist on.
A. why________ B. where
C. how D. /
解析 D。先行词point在这里的意为“观点”，关系词在定语从句中作insist on的宾语，所以不选择B而选D，因为关系词作宾语时可以省略。
热点Ⅱ 关系副词when的考查
1. 当先行词指时间时，先行词在定语从句中作时间状语，关系副词用when。
例4 We live in an age________ more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
A. why________ B. when
C. to whom D. on which
解析 B。句意为：我们生活在一个比以前更加容易获取更多信息的时代。该句中的先行词为an age，在定语从句中作时间状语，故用when引导。
2. 当先行词指时间时，关系词不一定用when。
例5 That evening，________ I will tell you more about later， I ended up working very late.
A. that B. which
C. what________ D. when
解析 B。句意为：那天晚上的事情我晚些告诉你，总之那晚我工作很晚。先行词that evening指时间，但关系词在定语从句中作about的宾语，所以不能选when。which引导非限制性定语从句，作about的宾语。
例6 By 16∶30，________ was almost closing time， nearly all the paintings had been sold.
A. which________ B. when
C. what________ D. that
【解析】 A。句意为：截止到下午4点半，也就是关门的时间，几乎所有的画都卖出去了。先行词为16∶30，但定语从句中缺少主语，所以不能选when，在非限制性定语从句只能选which，所以答案为A。
3. 当关系词用when时，先行词有可能是stay， occasion等。
例7 She’ll never forget her stay there______ she found her son who had gone missing two years before.
A. that________ B. which
C. where________ D. when
解析 D。句意为：她永远不会忘记在那儿逗留的时光。就是在那个时候，她找到了失散两年的儿子。定语从句的先行词是stay，利用还原法得到：She found her son who had gone missing two years before during her stay there。stay指逗留的时光，且关系词作状语，所以选择when，相当于during which。________
热点Ⅲ “介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句
对“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句的考查主要有两个方面：
1. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系词只能用whom（指人，宾语），which（指物，宾语），whose（指人或物，定语），不可用that和who，所以通常是与“介词+that”或“介词+who”等匹配构成试题。
例8 In our class there are 46 students，________
half wear glasses.
A. in whom B. in them
C. of whom D. of them
解析 C。句意为：我们班有46名学生，其中一半戴眼镜。由题意可知填词表达所属关系，因此选择介词of，且逗号前后都是句子，所填部分要起连接作用，不能用of them， 因此选择of whom。
例9 Have you sent thank-you notes to the relatives from________ you received gifts？
A. which B. them
C. that D. whom
解析 D。句意为：你给那些送你礼物的亲戚寄感谢信了吗？receive sth from sb的先行词是the relatives，所以关系词只能用whom（指人，宾语）。
2. “介词+关系代词”前可有some， any， none， both， all， neither， most， each， few等代词、数词或名词等，此类试题通常与“介词+that”“介词+不定代词”匹配构成试题。
例10 Maria has written two novels， both of________
have been made into television series.
A. them B. that
C. which D. what
解析 C。“介词 + which”引导的非限制性定语从句。
热点Ⅳ 分隔式定语从句
先行词有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间有一个定语、状语或谓语隔开，这就是分隔式定语从句。分隔式定语从句的难点在于先行词的判断，判断的关键在于对句意的正确理解。
例11 After the flooding， people were suffering in that area，________ urgently needed clean water， medicine and shelter to survive.
A. which B. who
C. where D. what
解析 B。句意为：洪灾过后，那个地区的人们饱受苦难，他们迫切需要饮用水，药品和栖息之所。分析句子成分后可知，从句中缺少主语，先行词应该是people，所以只能用who引导。
热点V whose引导的定语从句
whose既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。通常与of which/of whom等匹配构成试题。
例12 I wish to thank Professor Smith， without________ help I would never have got this far.
A. who B. whose C. whom D. which
解析 B。句意为：我要感谢史密斯教授，没有他的帮助我永远都不会有这样的进步。先行词是Professor Smith，指人，且在从句中做help的定语。
热点Ⅵ which引导的非限制性定语从句
which做关系代词引导非限制性定语从句时，除了指物外，更多的是指整个主句或主句的部分内容，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语。which引导的从句只能置于句中或句末，译作“这，这一点”，通常与that（不引导非限制性定语从句），who（误认为先行词是人），where（误认为先行词是地点），what等干扰项匹配构成试题。
例13 When deeply absorbed in work，________
he often was， he would forget all about eating or sleeping.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
解析 B。可以判断非限制性定语从句，定语从句的先行词是前面整个句子，并在从句中作was的表语。
It is the third time that she has won the race，________ has surprised us all.
A. that B. where C. which D. what
解析 C。可以判断非限制性定语从句，which指代it is the third time that she has won the race，且在定语从句中做主语。 热点Ⅶ as 引导的非限制性定语从句
as引导的非限制性定语从句可以置于主句之前、之后，或其间，用逗号隔开，译作“正如……”。常用形式有：
as anybody can see 正如人人都看到
as we had expected 正如我们所预料的
as was natural 是很自然的事
as is shown in the figure 如图所示
as often happens 正如经常发生的那样
as is often the case 情况常常如此
as has been said before 如前所示
as may be imagined 可以想象的出
as sb remembers 正如某人所记得的
as has been pointed out 正如已经指出的那样
as is reported in the newspaper 正如报纸报道的那样
as is well known（as everybody knows），as we all know 众所周知
例14 A lot of language learning，________ has been discovered， is happening in the first year of life， so parents should talk much to their children during that period.
A. as B. it C. which D. this
解析 A。as引导的非限制性定语从句，并作从句的主语，指代a lot of language learning is happening in the first year of life，且置于主句其间。
例15 The air quality in the city，________is shown in the report， has improved over the past two months.
A. that B. it C. as D. what
解析 C。as引导非限制性定语从句，并作从句的主语，指代the air quality in the city has improved over the past two months，且置于主句其间。
as引导的非限制性定语从句有时还会与名词性从句混合考查。
例16 It is obvious to the students________
they should get well prepared for their future.
A. as B. what C. which D. that
解析 D。it 是形式主语，that从句是真正的主语。此句也可以变形如下：
①As is obvious to the students， they should get well prepared for their future.
②What is obvious to the students is that they should get well prepared for their future.
③They should get well prepared for their future， as/which is obvious to the students.